{"id":228,"date":"2023-12-31T15:48:22","date_gmt":"2023-12-31T15:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/?page_id=228"},"modified":"2023-12-31T18:42:57","modified_gmt":"2023-12-31T18:42:57","slug":"chap02","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/second-edition\/toc2e\/chap02\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 2 \u2013\u00a0Knowledge in AI"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"embedurl\" data-url=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/chaps\/chap02.html\" ><!--  Chapter 2 Knowledge in AI  -->\n\n<script>\nvar chapnos = 2;\nvar json_url = \"https:\\\/\\\/alandix.com\\\/books\\\/aibook\\\/content\\\/chaps\\\/chap02.json\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n\n\t<object style=\"width:100%; aspect-ratio: 10 \/ 7;\" type=\"application\/pdf\" data=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/slides-pdf\/AI-chap-02.pdf\"><\/object>\n\t<p> Download <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/slides-pptx\/AI-chap-02.pptx\" download>chapter slides<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<h3> Contents <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<dl>\n<dt>2.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Overview<\/dt>\n<dt>2.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduction<\/dt>\n<dt>2.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Representing Knowledge<\/dt>\n<dt>2.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Metrics for Assessing Knowledge Representation Schemes<\/dt>\n<dt>2.5&nbsp;&nbsp;Logic Representations<\/dt>\n<dt>2.6&nbsp;&nbsp;Procedural Representation<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>2.6.1&nbsp;&nbsp;The Database<\/dt>\n<dt>2.6.2&nbsp;&nbsp;The Production Rules<\/dt>\n<dt>2.6.3&nbsp;&nbsp;The Interpreter<\/dt>\n<dt>2.6.4&nbsp;&nbsp;An Example Production System: Making a Loan<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>2.7&nbsp;&nbsp;Network Representations<\/dt>\n<dt>2.8&nbsp;&nbsp;Structured Representations<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>2.8.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Frames<\/dt>\n<dt>2.8.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Scripts<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>2.9&nbsp;&nbsp;General Knowledge<\/dt>\n<dt>2.10&nbsp;&nbsp;The Frame Problem<\/dt>\n<dt>2.11&nbsp;&nbsp;Knowledge Elicitation<\/dt>\n<dt>2.12&nbsp;&nbsp;Summary<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\n\n<h3> Glossary items referenced in this chapter <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/analogy\">analogy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/backtracking\">backtracking<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/charniak%2C%20eugene\">Charniak, Eugene<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/closed%20world%20assumption\">closed world assumption<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/computer%20chess\">computer chess<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/context%20in%20language\">context in language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/cousin%20relationship\">cousin relationship<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/cyc%20project\">CYC Project<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/database\">database<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/declarative%20knowledge\">declarative knowledge<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/domain-independent%20knowledge\">domain-independent knowledge<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/domain-specific%20knowledge\">domain-specific knowledge<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/eliza\">ELIZA<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/expert%20system\">expert system<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/first-order%20predicate%20calculus\">first-order predicate calculus<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/formal%20logic\">formal logic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/four%20knights%20problem\">four knights problem<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/frame\">frame<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/frame%20problem\">frame problem<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/game%20playing\">game playing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/google\">Google<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/human%20memory\">human memory<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/human%20working%20memory\">human working memory<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/inference\">inference<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/interpreter\">interpreter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20base\">knowledge base<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20elicitation\">knowledge elicitation<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20engineer\">knowledge engineer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation\">knowledge representation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21clarity\">knowledge representation!clarity<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21completeness\">knowledge representation!completeness<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21effectiveness\">knowledge representation!effectiveness<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21efficiency\">knowledge representation!efficiency<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21explicitness\">knowledge representation!explicitness<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21expressiveness\">knowledge representation!expressiveness<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21granularity\">knowledge representation!granularity<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21metrics\">knowledge representation!metrics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation%21structured\">knowledge representation!structured<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/lenat%2C%20doug\">Lenat, Doug<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/logic\">logic<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/logic%20representation\">logic representation<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/logic%21operators\">logic!operators<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/machine%20learning\">machine learning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20understanding\">natural language understanding<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/negation%20as%20failure\">negation as failure<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/network%20representation\">network representation<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/neural%20network\">neural network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/ontology\">ontology<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/predicate%20logic\">predicate logic<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/procedural%20knowledge\">procedural knowledge<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/production%20rules\">production rules<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/production%20system\">production system<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/prolog\">Prolog<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/property%20inheritance\">property inheritance<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/propositional%20logic\">propositional logic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/quantifiers\">quantifiers<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/reasoning%20systems\">reasoning systems<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/script\">script<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/search\">search<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/search%20strategies\">search strategies<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/semantic%20network\">semantic network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/spatial%20reasoning\">spatial reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/sub-symbolic%20systems\">sub-symbolic systems<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/temporal%20logics\">temporal logics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/text%20mining\">text mining<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/truth%20values\">truth values<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/working%20memory\">working memory<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3> Prolog examples (from 1st ed.) <\/h3>\n<!--  Chapter 2 - Knowledge in AI  -->\n\n<table class=\"prolog-listing\">\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch1\/tbirds.p\">tbirds.p<\/a><\/td><td>representing logic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch1\/prod.p\">prod.p<\/a><\/td><td>production rules<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch1\/network.p\">network.p<\/a><\/td><td>semantic networks and inheritance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch1\/frames.p\">frames.p<\/a><\/td><td>frames and slots<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/table\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":221,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-228","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=228"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":229,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/228\/revisions\/229"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}