{"id":230,"date":"2023-12-31T15:50:21","date_gmt":"2023-12-31T15:50:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/?page_id=230"},"modified":"2025-04-21T15:07:28","modified_gmt":"2025-04-21T15:07:28","slug":"chap03","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/second-edition\/toc2e\/chap03\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 3 \u2013 Reasoning"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"embedurl\" data-url=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/chaps\/chap03.html\" ><!--  Chapter 3 Reasoning  -->\n\n<script>\nvar chapnos = 3;\nvar json_url = \"https:\\\/\\\/alandix.com\\\/books\\\/aibook\\\/content\\\/chaps\\\/chap03.json\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n\n\t<object style=\"width:100%; aspect-ratio: 10 \/ 7;\" type=\"application\/pdf\" data=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/slides-pdf\/AI-chap-03.pdf\"><\/object>\n\t<p> Download <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/slides-pptx\/AI-chap-03.pptx\" download>chapter slides<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<h3> Contents <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<dl>\n<dt>3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Overview<\/dt>\n<dt>3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;What Is Reasoning?<\/dt>\n<dt>3.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Forward and Backward Reasoning<\/dt>\n<dt>3.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Reasoning With Uncertainty<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>3.4.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-monotonic Reasoning<\/dt>\n<dt>3.4.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Probabilistic Reasoning<\/dt>\n<dt>3.4.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Certainty Factors<\/dt>\n<dt>3.4.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Fuzzy Reasoning<\/dt>\n<dt>3.4.5&nbsp;&nbsp;Reasoning by Analogy<\/dt>\n<dt>3.4.6&nbsp;&nbsp;Case-based Reasoning<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>3.5&nbsp;&nbsp;Reasoning Over Networks<\/dt>\n<dt>3.6&nbsp;&nbsp;Changing Representations<\/dt>\n<dt>3.7&nbsp;&nbsp;Summary<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\n\n<h3> Glossary items referenced in this chapter <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/abductive%20reasoning\">abductive reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/analogy\">analogy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/backward%20reasoning\">backward reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/bayes%20theorem\">Bayes Theorem<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/bayesian%20methods\">Bayesian methods<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/bayesian%20network\">Bayesian network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/bottom-up%20reasoning\">bottom-up reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/case%20memory\">case memory<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/case-based%20reasoning\">case-based reasoning<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/certainty%20factors\">certainty factors<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/concept%20learning\">concept learning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/conditional%20probability\">conditional probability<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/database\">database<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/deductive%20reasoning\">deductive reasoning<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/derivational%20analogy\">derivational analogy<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/event\">event<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/expert%20system\">expert system<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/forward%20reasoning\">forward reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/fuzzy%20logic\">fuzzy logic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/fuzzy%20reasoning\">fuzzy reasoning<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/fuzzy%20set%20theory\">fuzzy set theory<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/generalisation\">generalisation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/goal%20state\">goal state<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/google%20search\">Google search<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/hypothesis-driven%20reasoning\">hypothesis-driven reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/inductive%20reasoning\">inductive reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge%20representation\">knowledge representation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/knowledge-based%20system\">knowledge-based system<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/logic\">logic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/machine%20learning\">machine learning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/means-ends%20analysis\">means&amp;ndash;ends analysis<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/monotonic%20reasoning\">monotonic reasoning<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/mycin\">MYCIN<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/neural%20network\">neural network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/non-monotonic%20reasoning\">non-monotonic reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pagerank\">PageRank<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/probabilistic%20reasoning\">probabilistic reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/probability\">probability<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/probability%20table\">probability table<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/property%20inheritance\">property inheritance<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/prospector\">PROSPECTOR<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/reasoning\">reasoning<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/reasoning%20by%20analogy\">reasoning by analogy<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/reasoning%20over%20networks\">reasoning over networks<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/reasoning%20with%20uncertainty\">reasoning with uncertainty<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/rote%20learning\">rote learning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/salience\">salience<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/search\">search<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/set%20theory\">set theory<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/spreading%20activation\">spreading activation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/standard%20logic\">standard logic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/state%20space%20search\">state space search<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/syllogism\">syllogism<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/top-down%20reasoning\">top-down reasoning<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/transformational%20analogy\">transformational analogy<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/truth%20maintenance%20system\">truth maintenance system<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/uncertainty\">uncertainty<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3> Prolog examples (from 1st ed.) <\/h3>\n<!--  Chapter 3 - Reasoning  -->\n\n<table class=\"prolog-listing\">\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch2\/forback.p\">forback.p<\/a><\/td><td>forwards and backwards reasoning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch2\/tms.p\">tms.p<\/a><\/td><td>non-monotonic reasoning<br>TMS - truth maintenace system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch2\/bayes.p\">bayes.p<\/a><\/td><td>Baysian inference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch2\/bayes2.p\">bayes2.p<\/a><\/td><td>Baysian inference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch2\/certf.p\">certf.p<\/a><\/td><td>certainty factors<\/td>\n<\/td><\/tr\n\n><tr valign=\"top\"><td class=\"filename\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/code\/ai96\/prolog\/view\/ch2\/fuzzy.p\">fuzzy.p<\/a><\/td><td>fuzzy set theory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/table\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":221,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-230","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/230","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=230"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/230\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":231,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/230\/revisions\/231"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}