{"id":253,"date":"2023-12-31T19:05:04","date_gmt":"2023-12-31T19:05:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/?page_id=253"},"modified":"2023-12-31T19:05:05","modified_gmt":"2023-12-31T19:05:05","slug":"chap13","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/second-edition\/toc2e\/chap13\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 13 \u2013 Natural language understanding"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"embedurl\" data-url=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/chaps\/chap13.html\" ><!--  Chapter 13 Natural Language Understanding  -->\n\n<script>\nvar chapnos = 13;\nvar json_url = \"https:\\\/\\\/alandix.com\\\/books\\\/aibook\\\/content\\\/chaps\\\/chap13.json\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n\n\t<object style=\"width:100%; aspect-ratio: 10 \/ 7;\" type=\"application\/pdf\" data=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/slides-pdf\/AI-chap-13.pdf\"><\/object>\n\t<p> Download <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/slides-pptx\/AI-chap-13.pptx\" download>chapter slides<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<h3> Contents <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<dl>\n<dt>13.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Overview<\/dt>\n<dt>13.2&nbsp;&nbsp;What Is Natural Language Understanding?<\/dt>\n<dt>13.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Why Do We Need Natural Language Understanding?<\/dt>\n<dt>13.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Why Is Natural Language Understanding Difficult?<\/dt>\n<dt>13.5&nbsp;&nbsp;An Early Attempt at Natural Language Understanding: SHRDLU<\/dt>\n<dt>13.6&nbsp;&nbsp;How Does Natural Language Understanding Work?<\/dt>\n<dt>13.7&nbsp;&nbsp;Syntactic Analysis<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>13.7.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Grammars<\/dt>\n<dt>13.7.2&nbsp;&nbsp;An Example: Generating a Grammar Fragment<\/dt>\n<dt>13.7.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Transition Networks<\/dt>\n<dt>13.7.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Context-sensitive Grammars<\/dt>\n<dt>13.7.5&nbsp;&nbsp;Feature Sets<\/dt>\n<dt>13.7.6&nbsp;&nbsp;Augmented Transition Networks<\/dt>\n<dt>13.7.7&nbsp;&nbsp;Taggers<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>13.8&nbsp;&nbsp;Semantic Analysis<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>13.8.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Semantic Grammars<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>13.8.1.1&nbsp;&nbsp;An Example: A Database Query Interpreter Revisited<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>13.8.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Case Grammars<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>13.9&nbsp;&nbsp;Pragmatic Analysis<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>13.9.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Speech Acts<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>13.10&nbsp;&nbsp;Grammar-free Approaches<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>13.10.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Template Matching<\/dt>\n<dt>13.10.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Keyword Matching<\/dt>\n<dt>13.10.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Predictive Methods<\/dt>\n<dt>13.10.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Statistical Methods<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>13.11&nbsp;&nbsp;Summary<\/dt>\n<dt>13.12&nbsp;&nbsp;Solution to SHRDLU Problem<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\n\n<h3> Glossary items referenced in this chapter <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/ambiguity%21lexical\">ambiguity!lexical<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/ambiguity%21pragmatic\">ambiguity!pragmatic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/ambiguity%21referential\">ambiguity!referential<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/ambiguity%21semantic\">ambiguity!semantic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/ambiguity%21syntactic\">ambiguity!syntactic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/augmented%20transition%20network\">augmented transition network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/big%20data\">big data<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/bottom-up%20reasoning\">bottom-up reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/case%20grammar\">case grammar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/chatbot\">chatbot<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/constraints\">constraints<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/context-free%20grammar\">context-free grammar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/context-sensitive%20grammar\">context-sensitive grammar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/database\">database<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/database%20query\">database query<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/deep%20neural%20network\">deep neural network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/definite%20clause%20grammar\">definite clause grammar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/disambiguation\">disambiguation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/document%20retrieval\">document retrieval<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/eliza\">ELIZA<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/feature%20sets\">feature sets<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/finite%20state%20machine\">finite state machine<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/formal%20grammar\">formal grammar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/foundation%20models\">foundation models<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/frame\">frame<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/gpt-3\">GPT-3<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/grammar\">grammar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/grammar%20fragment\">grammar fragment<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/grammar%20rules\">grammar rules<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/grammar-free%20approaches\">grammar-free approaches<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/heuristic%20evaluation%20function\">heuristic evaluation function<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/hidden%20markov%20model\">hidden Markov model<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/home%20automation\">home automation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/human-computer%20interaction\">Human&amp;nbsp;Computer Interaction<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/keyword%20matching\">keyword matching<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/large%20language%20model\">large language model<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/latent%20semantic%20analysis\">latent semantic analysis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/latent%20space\">latent space<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/lexical%20processing\">lexical processing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/lexicon\">lexicon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/machine%20learning\">machine learning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/n-gram\">n-gram<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20database%20query\">natural language database query<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20interfaces\">natural language interfaces<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20processing\">natural language processing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20processing%21information%20management\">natural language processing!information management<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20processing%21intent\">natural language processing!intent<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20processing%21tagger\">natural language processing!tagger<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20processing%21tagset\">natural language processing!tagset<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20understanding\">natural language understanding<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/neural%20network\">neural network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/non-terminal%20symbols\">non-terminal symbols<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/parse%20tree\">parse tree<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/parser\">parser<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/part-of-speech%20tagger\">part-of-speech tagger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pattern%20matching\">pattern matching<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pereira%2C%20fernando\">Pereira, Fernando<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pragmatic\">pragmatic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pragmatic%20ambiguity\">pragmatic ambiguity<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pragmatic%20analysis\">pragmatic analysis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/principal%20components%20analysis\">principal components analysis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/production%20system\">production system<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/prolog\">Prolog<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/query%20interpreter\">query interpreter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/recommender%20systems\">recommender systems<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/restricted%20language\">restricted language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/robotics\">robotics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/script\">script<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/semantic%20analysis\">semantic analysis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/semantic%20grammar\">semantic grammar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/sentence%20parsing\">sentence parsing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/sentence%20parsing%21bottom%20up\">sentence parsing!bottom up<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/sentence%20parsing%21methods\">sentence parsing!methods<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/sentence%20parsing%21systems\">sentence parsing!systems<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/sentence%20parsing%21top%20down\">sentence parsing!top down<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/sentence-level%20processing\">sentence-level processing<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/shrdlu\">SHRDLU<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/speech%20acts\">speech acts<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/statistical%20techniques\">statistical techniques<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/syntactic%20analysis\">syntactic analysis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/syntactic%20grammar\">syntactic grammar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/template%20matching\">template matching<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/terminal%20symbols\">terminal symbols<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/transition%20network\">transition network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/trigger\">trigger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/web%20search\">web search<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/winograd%2C%20terry\">Winograd, Terry<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/word%20vector\">word vector<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/word2vec\">word2vec<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":221,"menu_order":13,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-253","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=253"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":303,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/253\/revisions\/303"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}