{"id":268,"date":"2023-12-31T19:05:53","date_gmt":"2023-12-31T19:05:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/?page_id=268"},"modified":"2025-02-19T07:11:56","modified_gmt":"2025-02-19T07:11:56","slug":"chap20","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/second-edition\/toc2e\/chap20\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 20 \u2013 When things go wrong"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"embedurl\" data-url=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/chaps\/chap20.html\" ><!--  Chapter 20 When Things Go Wrong  -->\n\n<script>\nvar chapnos = 20;\nvar json_url = \"https:\\\/\\\/alandix.com\\\/books\\\/aibook\\\/content\\\/chaps\\\/chap20.json\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n\n\t<object style=\"width:100%; aspect-ratio: 10 \/ 7;\" type=\"application\/pdf\" data=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/slides-pdf\/AI-chap-20.pdf\"><\/object>\n\t<p> Download <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/aibook\/content\/slides-pptx\/AI-chap-20.pptx\" download>chapter slides<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<h3> Contents <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<dl>\n<dt>20.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Overview<\/dt>\n<dt>20.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduction<\/dt>\n<dt>20.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Wrong on Purpose?<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>20.3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Intentional Bad Use<\/dt>\n<dt>20.3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Unintentional Problems<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>20.4&nbsp;&nbsp;General Strategies<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>20.4.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Transparency and Trust<\/dt>\n<dt>20.4.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Algorithmic Accountability<\/dt>\n<dt>20.4.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Levels of Opacity<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>20.5&nbsp;&nbsp;Sources of Algorithmic Bias<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>20.5.1&nbsp;&nbsp;What Is Bias?<\/dt>\n<dt>20.5.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Stages in Machine Learning<\/dt>\n<dt>20.5.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Bias in the Training Data<\/dt>\n<dt>20.5.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Bias in the Objective Function<\/dt>\n<dt>20.5.5&nbsp;&nbsp;Bias in the Accurate Result<\/dt>\n<dt>20.5.6&nbsp;&nbsp;Proxy Measures<\/dt>\n<dt>20.5.7&nbsp;&nbsp;Input Feature Choice<\/dt>\n<dt>20.5.8&nbsp;&nbsp;Bias and Human Reasoning<\/dt>\n<dt>20.5.9&nbsp;&nbsp;Avoiding Bias<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>20.6&nbsp;&nbsp;Privacy<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>20.6.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Anonymisation<\/dt>\n<dt>20.6.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Obfuscation<\/dt>\n<dt>20.6.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Aggregation<\/dt>\n<dt>20.6.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Adversarial Privacy<\/dt>\n<dt>20.6.5&nbsp;&nbsp;Federated Learning<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>20.7&nbsp;&nbsp;Communication, Information and Misinformation<\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>20.7.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Social Media<\/dt>\n<dt>20.7.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Deliberate Misinformation<\/dt>\n<dt>20.7.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Filter Bubbles<\/dt>\n<dt>20.7.4&nbsp;&nbsp;Poor Information<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>20.8&nbsp;&nbsp;Summary<\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\n\n<h3> Glossary items referenced in this chapter <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/accountability\">accountability<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/accuracy\">accuracy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/adversarial%20attacks\">adversarial attacks<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/adversarial%20learning\">adversarial learning<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/aggregation%20for%20privacy\">aggregation for privacy<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/algorithmic%20accountability\">algorithmic accountability<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/anonymisation\">anonymisation<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/anti-discrimination%20laws\">anti-discrimination laws<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/automated%20decision\">automated decision<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/autonomous%20car\">autonomous car<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/autonomous%20vehicle\">autonomous vehicle<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/autonomous%20weapons\">autonomous weapons<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/backpropagation\">backpropagation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/base%20rate\">base rate<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/bias\">bias<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/big%20data\">big data<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/black-box%20machine%20learning\">black-box machine learning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/cambridge%20analytica%20scandal\">Cambridge Analytica scandal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/centroid\">centroid<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/chatbot\">chatbot<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/choice%20of%20features\">choice of features<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/clustering\">clustering<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/compas\">COMPAS<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/cyberattack\">cyberattack<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/cyberwarfare\">cyberwarfare<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/cyberweapons\">cyberweapons<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/de-bias\">de-bias<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/deep%20neural%20network\">deep neural network<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/deliberate%20misinformation\">deliberate misinformation<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/delta\">delta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/denial%20of%20service%20%28dos%29\">denial of service (DoS)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/echo%20chambers\">echo chambers<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/ethics\">ethics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/expert%20system\">expert system<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/explainable%20ai\">explainable AI<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/explanation\">explanation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/facebook\">Facebook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/facial%20recognition\">facial recognition<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/fake%20news\">fake news<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/false%20negative\">false negative<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/false%20positive\">false positive<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/federated%20learning\">federated learning<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/fitness%20function\">fitness function<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/gdpr\">GDPR<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/generative%20ai\">generative AI<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/google\">Google<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/google%20search\">Google search<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/gpt-4\">GPT-4<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/human%20bias\">human bias<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/human%20labelling\">human labelling<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/human-in-the-loop\">human-in-the-loop<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/id3\">ID3<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/identity%20theft\">identity theft<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/image%20processing\">image processing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/image%20recognition\">image recognition<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/k-means%20algorithm\">k-means algorithm<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/labelling\">labelling<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/machine%20learning\">machine learning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/microsoft%20tay\">Microsoft Tay<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/misinformation\">misinformation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/misinformation%20detection\">misinformation detection<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/natural%20language%20processing\">natural language processing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/network%20analysis\">network analysis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/neural%20network\">neural network<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/obfuscation\">obfuscation<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/openai\">OpenAI<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/optimal%20classification\">optimal classification<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/overfitting\">overfitting<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pagerank\">PageRank<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/perturbation%20techniques\">perturbation techniques<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pragmatic\">pragmatic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/privacy\">privacy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/privacy%20preserving%20algorithms\">privacy preserving algorithms<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/protected%20characteristic\">protected characteristic<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/proxy%20indicator\">proxy indicator<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/pseudonymisation\">pseudonymisation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/search%20engine\">search engine<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/search%20engine%20personalisation\">search engine personalisation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/semi-autonomous%20car\">semi-autonomous car<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/simulated%20data\">simulated data<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/social%20media\">social media<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/sources%20of%20bias\">sources of bias<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/statistical%20bias\">statistical bias<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/statistics\">statistics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/stuxnet\">Stuxnet<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/symbolic%20systems\">symbolic systems<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/threshold\">threshold<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/transparency\">transparency<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/trust\">trust<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/twitter%20bot\">Twitter bot<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/unintended%20bias\">unintended bias<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/unique%20identifier\">unique identifier<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/user%20interface\">user interface<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/visualisation\">visualisation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/aibook\/web%20search\">web search<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":221,"menu_order":20,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-268","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=268"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/268\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/268\/revisions\/310"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/aibook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}