{"id":767,"date":"2025-12-23T10:11:40","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T10:11:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/?page_id=767"},"modified":"2025-12-23T10:15:35","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T10:15:35","slug":"chapter-6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/book\/toc\/chapter-6\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 6: Traditional statistics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"embedurl\" data-url=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/hcistats\/content1e\/chaps\/chap-6.html\" ><!--  Chapter 6 Traditional statistics   -->\n\n<script>\nvar chapnos = 6;\nvar json_url = \"https:\\\/\\\/alandix.com\\\/books\\\/hcistats\\\/content1e\\\/chaps\\\/chap-6.json\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3> Contents <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<dl>\n<dt>6.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Hypothesis testing <\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>6.1.1&nbsp;&nbsp;The significance level &ndash; 5 percent and all that <\/dt>\n<dt>6.1.2&nbsp;&nbsp;But what does it mean? <\/dt>\n<dt>6.1.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Non-significant results <\/dt>\n<dt>6.1.4&nbsp;&nbsp;In summary&mdash;significance <\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>6.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Confidence intervals <\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>6.2.1&nbsp;&nbsp;The interval <\/dt>\n<dt>6.2.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Important as well as significant? <\/dt>\n<dt>6.2.3&nbsp;&nbsp;Don&rsquo;t forget &hellip; <\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\n\n<h3> Glossary items referenced in this chapter <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/alternative%20hypothesis\">alternative hypothesis<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/binomial%20distribution\">Binomial distribution<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/bounds\">bounds<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/cherry%20picking\">cherry picking<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/coin%20tossing\">coin tossing<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/confidence%20interval\">confidence interval<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/effect%20size\">effect size<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/error%20rate\">error rate<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/experimental%20error\">experimental error<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/fair%20coin\">fair coin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/false%20positive\">false positive<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/hypothesis%20testing\">hypothesis testing<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/likelihood\">likelihood<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/lower%20bound\">lower bound<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/mathematics\">mathematics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/multiple%20tests\">multiple tests<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/non-significance\">non-significance<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/non-significant%20result\">non-significant result<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/normal%20distribution\">Normal distribution<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/not%20proven\">not proven<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/not%20significant\">not significant<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/null%20hypothesis\">null hypothesis<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/observed%20outcome\">observed outcome<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/p-value\">p-value<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/proof%20by%20contradiction\">proof by contradiction<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/response%20time\">response time<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/significance%20level\">significance level<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/significance%20test\">significance test<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/significant%20difference\">significant difference<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/significant%20result\">significant result<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/software%20design\">software design<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/statistical%20reasoning\">statistical reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/statistical%20significance\">statistical significance<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/statistically%20significant\">statistically significant<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/statistically%20significant%20difference\">statistically significant difference<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/student%27s%20t%20distribution\">Student&#039;s t distribution<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/traditional%20statistics\">traditional statistics<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/type%20i%20error\">Type I error<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/uncertain%20knowledge\">uncertain knowledge<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/upper%20bound\">upper bound<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<!-- ?php\n\tif ( @$page['prolog_examples'] ):\n?>\n<h3> Prolog examples (from 1st ed.) <\/h3>\n<!-- ?php\n\techo $page['prolog_examples'];\n?>\n<!-- ?php\n\tendif; \/\/ @$page['prolog_examples']\n? -->\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":759,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-767","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=767"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":791,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/767\/revisions\/791"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/759"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}