{"id":773,"date":"2025-12-23T10:12:12","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T10:12:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/?page_id=773"},"modified":"2025-12-23T10:15:57","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T10:15:57","slug":"chapter-9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/alandix.com\/statistics\/book\/toc\/chapter-9\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 9: Differences and distinctions"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"embedurl\" data-url=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/books\/hcistats\/content1e\/chaps\/chap-9.html\" ><!--  Chapter 9 Differences and distinctions   -->\n\n<script>\nvar chapnos = 9;\nvar json_url = \"https:\\\/\\\/alandix.com\\\/books\\\/hcistats\\\/content1e\\\/chaps\\\/chap-9.json\";\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3> Contents <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<dl>\n<dt>9.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Philosophical differences <\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>9.1.1&nbsp;&nbsp;What do we know about the world? <\/dt>\n<dt>9.1.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Not so different <\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>9.2&nbsp;&nbsp;So which is it? <\/dt><dd><dl>\n<dt>9.2.1&nbsp;&nbsp;The statistical crisis <\/dt>\n<dt>9.2.2&nbsp;&nbsp;Alternative statistics <\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/dd>\n<dt>9.3&nbsp;&nbsp;On balance (my advice) <\/dt>\n<dt>9.4&nbsp;&nbsp;For both <\/dt>\n<dt>9.5&nbsp;&nbsp;Endnote <\/dt>\n<\/dl><\/div>\n\n\n<h3> Glossary items referenced in this chapter <\/h3>\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/alternative%20statistics\">alternative statistics<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/bayes%20factor\">Bayes factor<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/bayesian%20methods\">Bayesian reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/bayesian%20reasoning\">Bayesian reasoning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/bayesian%20statistics\">Bayesian statistics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/bias\">bias<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/cherry%20picking\">cherry picking<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/closed%20world\">closed world<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/confidence%20interval\">confidence interval<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/dichotomous%20readings%20of%20hypothesis%20testing\">dichotomous readings of hypothesis testing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/file%20drawer%20effect\">file drawer effect<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/hypothesis%20testing\">hypothesis testing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/meta-analysis\">meta-analysis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/new%20statistics\">new statistics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/non-significant%20result\">non-significant result<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/null%20hypothesis\">null hypothesis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/p-hacking\">p-hacking<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/p-value\">p-value<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/positive%20results\">positive results<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/post-hoc%20hypothesis\">post-hoc hypothesis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/pre-registration\">pre-registration<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/prior%20distribution\">prior distribution<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/probability%20distribution\">probability distribution<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/publish%20or%20perish\">publish or perish<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/real%20world\">real world<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/replication%20crisis\">replication crisis<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/royal%20statistical%20society\">Royal Statistical Society<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/sensitivity%20analysis\">sensitivity analysis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/significance%20level\">significance level<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/significant%20result\">significant result<\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/statistical%20crisis\">statistical crisis<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/statistical%20method\">statistical method<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/statistically%20significant\">statistically significant<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/student%27s%20t-test\">Student&#039;s t-test<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alandix.com\/glossary\/hcistats\/traditional%20statistics\">traditional statistics<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<!-- ?php\n\tif ( @$page['prolog_examples'] ):\n?>\n<h3> Prolog examples (from 1st ed.) <\/h3>\n<!-- ?php\n\techo $page['prolog_examples'];\n?>\n<!-- ?php\n\tendif; \/\/ @$page['prolog_examples']\n? 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