Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a form of brain scanning that uses levels of blood oxygen to determine which parts of the brain are most active at any moment. This is used as part of medical diagnoses, but also by neuroscientists to map the interconnections between parts of the brain. This data is in turn being used by AI researchers, incuding the Human Brain Project, to create artifical models of human brain functioning and to inspire more human-like {{neural network}] algorithms.
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Links:
ndcn.ox.ac.uk: Introduction to FMRI- open.edu: How FMRI works