ANDREW (ST.), parish, with Established and Free churches, in New Town of Edinburgh. Pop. 2963.

ANDREW (ST.), parish, with Established and Free churches, in east of Glasgow. Pop. quoad sacra, 5221.

ANDREWS (ST.), city and parish on east coast of Fife. The city stands at terminus of branch railway, 45 miles north-by-east of Edinburgh ; ranks as a royal and parliamentary burgh, a university town, a nominal seaport, and a fashionable summer resort ; occupies a rocky plateau about 50 feet above sea-level ; overlooks a wide unsheltered expansion of the Eden's estuary, called St. Andrews Bay ; adjoins a large extent of links or downs, famous for the game of golf ; looks landward over a low, flat, fertile country, screened at some miles' distance by gentle hills, and presents a striking appearance as seen at a little distance, and a very suggestive one as seen within its own thoroughfares. It dates from about the Culdee times ; it got its name of St. Andrews from a fiction that some bones of the Apostle Andrew were brought to it by an ancient ecclesiastic; it figured long and powerfully as the Canterbury of Scotland ; it was the scene of martyrdoms, commotions, and events of national import in the times of the Reformation ; it figured also in political matters of the highest consequence at various periods, from that of Robert Bruce till that of James VI.; it passed eventually into prolonged neglect and decay, till most of its historical splendour became lost in mere ruins and memory, and it underwent such modern revival as has rendered it a pleasant and prosperous resort of literary men, students, wealthy annuitants, and summer residents. The town comprises regular, well-built thoroughfares, 3 principal old streets, and a number of handsome modern ex-tensions ; includes great public buildings, and grand, picturesque, historical ruins ; has a head post office with all departments, 4 banking offices, 3 hotels, and a number of boarding and educational establishments, and publishes 2 weekly news-papers. The old town hall has been renovated, and contains curious relics. The new town hall was erected in 1858-59, and is well suited for public assemblies. The Martyrs' Monument was erected in 1842, and is 45 feet high. Trinity Church, erected in 12th century, was the scene of some of John Knox's heaviest blows at Romanism, and underwent repair in 1798. St. Leonard's Church was originally St. Salvator's Chapel, erected in 15th century, and contains a magnificent monument of its founder, Bishop Kennedy. Other churches are Free, United Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist, and Episcopalian. The University Library was erected in 1764, on the site of a parliament house. St. Mary's College was founded in 1537, forms two sides of a quadrangle, and is used for only the divinity classes. The United College comprises St. Salvator's, founded in 1455, St. Leonard's, founded in 1512, united in 1747 ; forms also two sides of a quadrangle, and is entered by an archway through the basement of a lofty steeple. The number of matriculated students in 1880 was 187. The Madras College, for secondary education, was erected in 1832, comprises an open quadrangle, and has accommodation for more than 1000 pupils. 4 other schools are in the burgh, and the 5 have aggregately accommodation for 2008 scholars. The Castle was erected towards the end of 14th century, succeeded a previous strong structure of about the beginning of the 13th century, served as both a fortress and a palace, was destroyed in connection with the events of the Reformation, and is now represented chiefly by a tower and part of a wall. The Cathedral was founded in 1162, completed in 1318, and destroyed in 1559, was a cruciform edifice of 370 feet from east to west and 180 feet from north to south, and is now represented by only the east end, half of the west end, and part of the south walls. St. Rule's Chapel is one of the oldest ecclesiastical structures in Scotland, and, though long a ruin, still shows a well-preserved portion of a very small church, with a tower 108 feet high. The Augustine Monastery, long one of the grandest in Europe, is now almost entirely extinct. The Dominican Monastery is still represented by a fine fragment of arched roof. St. Andrews unites with 6 other Fife burghs in sending a member to Parliament. A railway to Anstruther was begun to be formed in 1881. Pop. of the parliamentary burgh, 6452. The parish excludes the St. Leonards part of the town, but includes Strathkinness and Boarhills villages, and it measures 9 miles in length and less than 3 miles in greatest breadth. Acres, 11,482. Keal property of landward part in 1880-81, 25,250. Pop., quoad ci villa, 7829; quoad sacra, 6709. The river and estuary of Eden form the northern boundary ; the coast thence to the city is firm sandy beach, skirted by the famous links, and the coast thence to the southern boundaiy is mostly rugged and rocky. Much of the interior is low flat land, and the rest is mostly low hill or moor. The seats are numerous. 3 schools, with accommodation for 395 scholars, serve for the landward parts of both this parish and St. Leonards.