EDENSTON, village on south border of Collessift parish, Fife.

EDENWOOD, seat in Ceres parish, Fife.

EDERDOUN.

EDERHAM.

EDERLEN, lake in Glassary parish, Argyleshire.

EDGEBUCKLIN, brae on east side of Inveresk parish, Edinburghshire.

EDGERSTON, seat and quoad sacra parish 1\ miles south-south-east of Jedburgh, Roxburghshire. The parish h;is a church with 200 sittings, and a public school with about 66 scholars. Pop. 358.

EDINAMPLE, ancient castellated mansion in mouth of Glenample, 1 mile south-east of Lochearnhead, Perthshire.

EDINBANE, village, with post office under Portree, in Isle of Skye. Pop. 277.

EDINBELLY, estate, with remains of old mansion, in Balfron parish, Stirlingshire.

EDINBURGH, metropolis of Scotland. Its centre at General Post Office, reckoned as the ' crow flies,' is 2J miles south-south-east of Granton harbour, 33 south-west of Fifeness, 68 north of head of Solway Firth, 115 north-east of Mull of Galloway, 129 south-east of Ardnamurchan Point, 190 south of John o' Groat's House, and 337 north-north-west of London. Its initial spot is the Castle Rock, about 5 furlongs west-south-west of General Post Office. That rock has an altitude of 445 feet above sea-level, measures about 700 yards in circumference, is an erupted rugged mass of greenstone, and presents to the north, the west, and the south a bare face mostly precipitous and partly mural. A wedge-shaped hill, wanting the upper edges and averagely about mile broad, commences in the rock, extends about a mile eastward, makes a gradual descent from end to end, and is flanked on north side by a vale, on south side by a ravine. A belt of plain strikes eastward from the hill's foot, and is grandly overhung on south side by Salisbury Crag and Arthur's Seat. A diversified plateau, with very gentle southern slope, lies beyond the ravine on south side of wedge-shaped hill, has elevations of from 150 to 180 feet above sea-level, and is overlooked in the south-west by Blackford and Braid Hills. A similar plateau, but more in the form of a broad-based ridge, lies beyond the vale, on north side of wedge-shaped hill, extends westward to winding ravine of Water of Leith, measures about a mile in length and f mile in breadth, and terminates at its east end in a considerable eminence. Calton Hill commences immediately east of that eminence, is two-thirds engirt by narrow ravine, measures about 5 furlongs by 3, rises to a height of 344 feet above sea-level, and subsides on the east into wide inclined plane extending to the Forth. The entire site of the city and its immediate environs presents such an assemblage of heights, hollowp, acclivities, and ravines, with manifold diversity of feature, as must have made it richly picturesque in its merely natural condition, and as now gives striking effect to the romantic, beautiful, and diversified arrays of the city's architecture. Views of the exterior, from thousands of points, near and far, all round, are exquisitely fine ; and views in the interior, especially from the Castle and Calton Hill, and even from innumerable points on the streets, include very grand urban display, and combine it with riant rural scenery away to distant sea and mountain. The ancient Caledonians could scarcely fail to regard the Castle Rock as a strong defensive position, and they are supposed to have erected on it a series of rude forts. Edwin, king of Saxon Northumbria, hi 626, either seized the last of these or otherwise took possession of the site, and erected on it a strong castle. This he called Edwinsburg ; and it gave origin or name to the town, and for a long time ruled its fortunes. The town continued to be Saxon till about 1020, and then passed to the king of Scotland. Malcolm Canmore fortified it, David I. constituted it a royal burgh, and both they and a number of their successors made it their occasional residence. Both town and castle, especially the latter, suffered great mutations during the wars of the Succession ; but they soon afterwards attained such prosperity as to be the largest town and the strongest fortress then in Scotland; and, notwithstanding some reverses, they continued, till the national union with England, to be the seat of royal administration and the meeting-place of parliaments. Chief events which disturbed it, in the interval till the Union, were a devastation by the English in 1385, the recoil after the battle of Flodden, the contention of parties during the minority of James V., and the turmoil and civil war in the time of Queen Mary ; and the chief events afterwards were depression of trade consequent on the Union, the tumult called the Porteous Mob in 1736, the presence of the rebel army in 1745, the visit of George IV. in 1822, and visits of Queen Victoria in 1842 and subsequent years. The nucleus of the town was a small village, on ground now within the esplanade in front of east side of the present castle, on a level, ascertained in 1850 to be more than 20 feet below the present surface. The village grew sufficiently to be of some note about the middle of 9th century ; and it possessed then, or earlier, some defensive fortifications. The town extended slowly thence, down the back and sides of the wedge-shaped hill, about 3i furlongs to Netherbow ; it afterwards, from about middle of 12th century till about middle of iGth, acquired the suburbs of Canongate, Pleasance, Cowgate, Potter-row, Bristo, and Westport; it was fortified in 1450 by a wall round its main body, and in 1513 by a second wall round its southern suburbs ; it grew, within the first wall, by ascent into the air, or by substitution of loftier and still loftier houses for less lofty ones, till it became a proverb for tenements of from four or five to ten or twelve storeys high ; and, in the latter part of last century, it suddenly broke beyond its old limits, and began to undergo extensions and improvements which have marvellously altered it in both size and character. Operations were done, including erection of the North Bridge, to create a new town on the northern plateau ; measures were adopted to construct genteel new quarters in the south ; and great clearances were made to form a main thoroughfare across the middle of the wedge-shaped hill and over the southern ravine, in line with the North Bridge. The New Town progressed, from time to time, till it became as large as all the Old Town and suburbs ; the Calton Hill began, in 1814, to be approached and terraced by elegant new thoroughfares; the upper part of the southern ravine, in 1825 and following years, was crossed by the new wide street of George iv. Bridge ; the south limb of the Castle Rock, in the same years, was terraced with a spacious approach from the western low outskirts to the site of the original Old Town ; and eventually, after about 30 years of pause, spirited plans were adopted, and soon carried into execution, for great extensions in the western and the southern outskirts, and for cutting new airy thoroughfares through the densest parts of the old town. The entire city now, exclusive of salient suburbs, measures about 2 miles from east to west, and about 2 from north to south. A main street, of different names and different parts, occupies all the back of the wedge-shaped hill, from the Castle esplanade to foot of Canongate ; presents picturesque blendings of old and new architecture; and is winged partly with the new, airy, cross thoroughfares, but mostly with densely-edificed narrow closes, extending down the hill's slopes. Another main street, commencing at North Bridge, and bearing different names in different parts, goes southward through all the Old Town to the open country in the south-east. A curious line of street, with the squalid but once aristocratic Cowgate in its middle, occupies all the southern ravine. The most notable of the new ventilating streets, Chambers Street, spacious and imposing, but short, runs parallel to the western half of Cowgate, and occasioned the removal of much nuisance from the old southern suburb. The section immediately south of that is variously old and modern, has undergone great improvement, and is bordered on the south by the Meadows, a fine public park mile long. The sections farther south, south-east, and south-west are nearly all modern, extend to great length and breadth, include the suburbs of Newington, Grange, Morningside, Merchiston, and two others progressing or contemplated in 1877, and abound in beauties and amenities. The northern vale was formerly occupied by a lake called North Loch ; was crossed, near the middle, at the forming of the New Town, by a slowly-accumulated, broad, high, earthen mound, now serving the purposes of a bridge ; and is now partly occupied by the North British Railway works, but mainly disposed in two large ornate public gardens. The New Town, though all compact, and covering the whole of the northern plateau, consists, as to date and form, of four sections. The southern section was erected in 1767-1800, extends westward from vicinity of North Bridge, is a regular parallelogram of about 1300 by about 363 yards, and comprises Princes Street and Queen Street along its sides, George Street along its centre, two large squares at its ends, and five streets at right angles with Princes Street and Queen Street. The northern section was erected in 1803-22, is separated from the southern section by a fine large range of gardens, forms a parallelogram shorter and broader than the other parallelogram, and has curves in two of its streets and in the squares at its ends. The eastern section was erected partly at the same time as the southern one, but chiefly in years till 1827, extends to the eastern extremity of Calton Hill, and has great diversity in both the alignment and the structure of its thoroughfares. The western section was erected chiefly in three periods, from about 1822, 1850, and 1866, extends to the west at the Water of Leith ravine, and com-prises a rectangle of streets, a spacious twelve-sided place, four double crescents, and a number of terraces, single crescents, and connecting streets. Stockbridge and Dean suburbs, on opposite side of Water of Leith, have much variety of at once date, site, and form, but include poi-tions of similar character to that of the western section. The building material of most of the city is a hard, silicious, fine-grained sand-stone ; serves nearly as well as marble for carving and sculpture ; retains for a long time its freshness of aspect, and has, in consequence, given powerful effect to both beauty and durability of construction. The architecture of the older parts of the Old Town exhibits many styles, often in curious juxtaposition; includes many specimens of the Scottish varieties prevalent in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries ; and has numerous groups which, either in them-selves, or by contiguity with others, or by position on precipice or vantage-ground, are strikingly romantic or picturesque. The architecture of the new parts and the new suburbs of the Old Town, and of the entire New Town, comprises much perhaps far too much in the simple Italian style, yet includes a great aggregate of all the varieties of the Renaissance, includes also many specimens of all kinds of Gothic and a few of Saxon and Norman; and it is plainest in the parts erected before the close of last century, and became progressively richer in both variety and elegance in the progress of the city's extension. Holyrood challenges prime attention, but will be separately noticed. The Castle, except for about 100 yards on the east, crowns the verge of the entire circuit of its lofty precipitous rock ; presents to the space on the east a palisaded barrier, with deep dry fosse ; comprises buildings of widely different periods and remarkably different structure ; possesses a great fund of historical and antiquarian associations ; lost much or nearly all its military value in result of the inventions of modern artillery ; and continues to be useful chiefly for the purpose of a large garrison ; but, together with the cliffs, fissures, and saliences of the rock which it surmounts, is such a picturesque acropolis as very few places in the world can boast. The access to it goes through the barrier, across a drawbridge, through a gateway flanked by batteries, up a causeway between rock and wall, and through a long vaulted archway with traces of ancient portcullises and gates. The further ascent passes a northward battery, a spacious armoury, a high bastion, the governor's house, and a westward lofty factory-like suite of bar-racks, and turns upward to the left, through a gateway, into the citadel. This contains the King's Bastion, with Mons Meg and a most magnificent view-point on the north-west ; St. Margaret's chapel, the oldest extant building in Edinburgh, on the north-east ; and the Half-Moon battery, with 14 guns and electric time-gun, on the east ; and is occupied by the Palace Yard on the south. That yard is a square of 100 feet each way, edificed on all sides ; and includes a large embellished barrack, the old parliament hall, the old royal palace with James vi.'s birth-chamber, and the Crown-room with the ancient regalia of Scotland. The esplanade in front of the castle measures about 120 by 100, was formerly engirt by strong military outworks, serves now as garrison parade-ground and public promenade, contains monuments of the Duke of York and of soldiers who fell in the Indian Mutiny, and commands extensive views of the city and environs. The Government offices and Court of Session halls, in Parliament Square, have a uniform facade of 1808, with arcade piazza, gallery, Doric portico, balustrade, and surmounting sphinxes. Parliament House, behind that facade, was erected in 1032-40, at a cost of 11,600; was the meeting-place of the Scottish parliaments from 1039 till 1707 : and retains its great hall, measuring 122 feet by 49, and containing statues of seven distinguished law lords. The County Hall, near Parliament Square, was erected in 1817 at a cost of 15,000. The Sheriff Court Buildings, on George IV. Bridge, were erected in 1865-68 at a cost of more than 44,000. The Municipal Buildings, misnamed the Royal Exchange, on north side of High Street, were erected in 1753-61 at a cost of 31,457 ; form a quadrangle with open court 96 feet by 86 ; and have a rear front 100 feet high. The Police Office, opposite the Municipal Buildings, was erected in 1849 and enlarged in 1875. The Register House, at east end of Princes Street, was founded in 1774 and completed in 1822 at a cost of 80,000, and is a rectangular structure of 200 feet by 120, with dome over central circular saloon court. Two supplemental buildings behind the Register House serve for respectively registration of births, deaths, and marriages, and conservation of important documents ; and the former was erected in 1857-60 at a cost of nearly 27,000 ; the latter, a circular structure 60 feet high, in 1871. The General Post Office, opposite the Register House, presents a front of 140 feet to Princes Street, and a flank of 180 feet to North Bridge, and was erected in 1861-66 at a cost of about 120,000. The Prisons, eastward from the head of Waterloo Place, occupy a shoulder of Calton Hill on crown of a lofty cliff ; comprise three groups, the western erected in 1815-17, the middle in 1791-96, the eastern in 1845-47 ; are all in castellated style, with imposing appearance ; and were designed in 1881 to be extensively reconstructed. The North Bridge, connecting High Street with east end of Princes Street, was erected in 1767-72 at a cost of about 18,000 ; has open arches in a central reach of 310 feet, but measures 1125 feet in total length ; stands 68 feet high at the open arches ; and was widened and other-wise improved after 1873. Waverley Bridge, spanning the vale at 270 yards farther west, has connection with the North British Railway terminus, was entirely reconstructed in 1870-73, and com-prises three spacious iron skew reaches of 310, 293, and 276 feet. The Mound, crossing the vale at about 300 yards west of Waverley Bridge, was formed in years from 1781 till 1830, by free deposits of earth ; would have cost about 50,000 had the deposits been paid for; is fully 800 feet long, about 300 feet broad, and from 62 to 100 feet high; and underwent improvement and ornamentation subsequent to the erection on it of the Art Galleries. Regent Bridge, forming part of Waterloo Place, spans the ravine at west base of Calton Hill; has a single arch 50 feet wide and about 50 feet high, with colonnaded parapets; and affords, from its southern parapet, a curious view of much of the Old Town. The South Bridge, crossing the southern ravine on line with North Bridge, was erected in 1785-88 at a cost of more than 50,000 for clearances andabout15,000forconstruction ; has only one open arch, but comprises 19 beneath street architecture; and overlooks, from its parapet railings, the low squalid street-line of Cowgate. George IV. Bridge, crossing the same ravine about 3 furlongs to the west, was erected in 1825-36 as part of a city improvement, which cost about 400,000 ; includes three groined open arches over the Cowgate, seven concealed arches, and a series of embankments ; and forms a spacious street about 300 yards long. Dean Bridge, crossing the Water of Leith ravine at about 3 furlongs from west end of Princes Street, was erected in 1832 ; is 447 feet long, 39 wide, and 106 high ; has four arches, each 96 feet in span ; and commands a rich view along the ravine and away to Fife. The Bank of Scotland, on northward slope in line with George rv. Bridge, was erected in 1806 at a cost of 75,000, and enlarged and beautified in 1868-70 ; forms a conspicuous feature in the romantic north flank of the Old Town, as seen from Princes Street ; and has a rear front, arch-based, broad, and very lofty, with surmounting dome crowned by an emblematic statue. The Royal Bank, on east side of St. Andrew's Square, opposite the line of George Street, was originally the town mansion of Sir Lawrence Dundas, ancestor of the Earl of Zetland ; and stands at the head of an enclosed recess, containing an equestrian monument of the martial Earl of Hopetoun. The British Linen Company's Bank, immediately south of that recess, was mainly built in 1851-52 at a cost of 30,000 ; and has a front with six fluted Corinthian columns, surmounted by emblematic statues. The National Bank, between the British Linen Company's and West Register Street, is plain, and was enlarged rearward in 1868. The Commercial Bank, in the section of George Street adjacent to St. Andrew's Square, was erected in 1847, and has a rich hexa-style Corinthian portico with beautiful group of tympanum sculpture, represented on the bank's notes. The Clydesdale Bank, at corner of George Street and Hanover Street, was erected in 1842 for the Edinburgh and Glasgow Bank, now extinct, and is in ornate Italian style. The Union Bank, in George Street to the east of Frederick Street, was erected in 1874-78, and has a rich Italian frontage of more than 100 feet. The Merchant Hall, in South Hanover Street, was built in 1807 for the City of Glasgow Bank, has a florid Italian front, and became the Merchant Hall in 1879. The Corn Ex-change, in Grassmarket, was erected in 1849 at a cost of nearly 20,000, includes an arcade 152 feet long, and is occasionally used for public demonstrations. The Green Market, at corner of Princes Street and Waverley Bridge, was formed in 1869, greatly improved prior to 1877, and further improved at later date ; stands on a lofty arched basement so strong that a City Hall to cost about 250,000 was at one time proposed to be erected on it ; has a terraced garden roof, well-lights, and gallery ; and includes a spacious area, often used for public demonstrations, promenade concerts, and great shows. The North British Railway terminus, behind the Green Market and eastward under North Bridge, was extensively re-constructed and enlarged in 1869-73 ; has spacious platforms, north and south, 920 and 975 feet long, with lofty glazed ridge-and-valley roofs ; possesses a booking hall 97 feet long and 40 feet wide, together with waiting rooms, dining room, and buffet; and serves for the entire North British system to all points of the compass. The Caledonian Railway station, adjacent to the west end of Princes Street, was erected in 1869 as merely a temporary structure ; stands on part of an extensive site, purchased and cleared at enormous cost ; and is to be superseded by a splendid durable structure, with adjoining great hotel. A South-side Suburban Railway was authorized on behalf of the North British Company in 1865, but failed to be formed chiefly for financial reasons ; was re-projected by an independent company near the end of 1879, to be formed on a share capital of 225,000 ; and is to be about 6 miles long, and to curve round from Haymarket station into junction with the main line near Portobello. The street tramway system was commenced in 1871 ; includes a circular route of about 5 miles from General Post Office by way of North Bridge, Newington, Grange, Morningside, Lothian Road, and Princes Street back to the starting-point ; has lines to Coltbridge, Leith, Newhaven, and Portobello ; and was proposed in 1881 to have further ex-tension. The Prince Consort's Monument, in centre of Charlotte Square, was produced slowly at a cost of about 16,500, and inaugurated in 1876 by the Queen ; is a quasi-pyramidal structure about 32 feet high ; has four groups of statues on blocks at the corners of the basement, and emblematic bas-reliefs in panels of the pedestal ; and is surmounted by a colossal equestrian statue of the Prince. The first Lord Melville's Monument, in centre of St. Andrew's Square, was erected in 1821 at a cost of 8000, and consists of pedestal, pillar, and statue, altogether 150 feet high. The second Lord Melville's Monument, in centre of Melville Street, consists of only pedestal and statue. George iv.'s, Pitt's, and Chalmers' Monuments, at crossings in George Street, and Simpson's, Ramsay's, Wilson's, Black's, and Livingstone's Monuments, in Princes Street, are all pedestalled statues, most of them quite recently ei-ected. Sir Walter Scott's Monument, on the esplanade of East Princes Street Gardens, was erected in 1840-44, at a cost of 15,650 ; is a crucial Gothic spire, rising from basement-arches to a height of 200 feet ; is adorned with much sculpture, and with numerous statuettes ; and contains a marble sitting statue of Sir Walter, obtained at a separate cost of 2000. The Duke of Wellington's Monument, in front of the Kegister House, was erected in 1852 at a cost of 10,000, and consists of a syenite pedestal and an equestrian statue respectively 13 and 14 feet high. Nelson's Monument, crowning a cliff on south shoulder of Calton Hill, was erected in 1815 ; comprises an octagonal house-basement and a circular five-storeyed tower ; has a total height of 102 feet ; and is surmounted by a time-ball. The National Monument, in north-eastern vicinity of Nelson's, was founded in 1822, and designed to be similar to the Parthenon at Athens, at a cost of 50,000; but was erected to only a small extent, at a cost of about 16,000, and presents the appearance of a picturesque ruin. Playfair's and Dugald Stewart's Monuments, also on Calton Hill, are respectively a solid Doric square and a canopied Corinthian cyclo-style. Burns' Monument, on brink of Regent Road Terrace, overlooking Canongate, was erected in 1830 ; comprises a twelve-columned Corinthian cyclostyle, with ornate cupola ; and contains a bust and many interesting relics of Burns. The University, with front to South Bridge and flanks to Chambers and South College Streets, was erected in successive portions from 1789 till 1834 ; forms a court-enclosed parallelogram, 358 feet long and 255 feet broad ; has exterior elevations in Greece-Italian style, and interior ones in Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Venetian styles ; is pierced in its front with three lofty arches, and adorned there with six lofty Doric monoliths ; contains a rich library hall of 198 feet by 50 ; and has 39 professorships, and usually above 2000 students. The New University Buildings, a brief distance south-west of the University, were founded in 1878, and estimated to cost about 174,000; are in a style intermediate between the Gothic and the Palladian ; and comprise a common hall and medical class-rooms. The Museum of Science and Art, in Chambers Street, west-ward from the University, was founded in 1861, and partly inaugurated in 1866 ; advanced by successive stages in subsequent years ; is in the Venetian Renaissance style, on a plan to measure more than 400 feet in length, 200 feet in width, and 90 feet in average height ; and contains, in great apartments, vast collections of everything instructive or curious in all departments of invention and research. The School of Arts, on opposite side of Chambers Street, was erected in 1872-73, and contains a spacious lecture-hall and large class-rooms. The Phrenological Museum, adjoining the School of Arts, was erected in 1876 at a cost of nearly 5000. The Surgeons' Hall, on east side of Nicolson Street, was erected in 1833 at a cost of 20,000 ; has an elegant Ionic portico ; and contains a rich anatomical and pathological museum. The Physicians' Hall, in Queen Street, was erected in 1845, and has an Attic Corinthian tetrastyle surmounted by three statues. The Free Church College, at head of the Mound, was erected in 1846-50 at a cost of more than 30,000; is in the English collegiate style ; and forms a court-enclosed quadrangle 177 feet long and 165 broad. The United Presbyterian College, on Castle Terrace, was originally the Edinburgh Theatre, erected in 1875; is in geometric quasi-Italian style; was purchased by the United Presbyterians in 1877 for 26,700, and altered at a further cost of about 20,000; serves also for synod meetings and general church business ; and was opened in 1880. The High School, on a terraced face of Calton Hill, overlooking Canongate, was erected in 1825-27 at a cost of more than 30,000 ; stands behind a curved curtain-wall 490 feet long ; includes a main building of centre and wings 270 feet long ; and exhibits there striking features of Doric portico and colonnaded corridors. The Edinburgh Academy, in Henderson Row, was erected in 1824 at a cost of 12,264, and is a low, spacious Doric edifice. The Ladies' College, near west end of Queen Street, superseded the Merchant Maiden Hospital in Lauriston ; was constructed in 1871 by purchase, alteration, and extension of previous buildings ; and provides a low-priced high-class education for up-wards of 1200 pupils. George Watson's College for boys, on south side of Lauriston, includes the quondam Merchant Maiden Hospital, erected in 1816 at a cost of 12,250 ; includes also a large extension with ornamental front, erected in 1872-73 ; and provides a low-priced wide-ranged education for about 1100 pupils. George Watson's College for girls, in George Square, was much enlarged in 1876, has a neat Italian front, and gives a similar education to that in the Ladies' College. Gillespie's School, at west end of Brunts-field Links, was originally a great alms-house, erected in 1801 ; is an oblong castellated Gothic structure ; and was converted in 1870 into a primary school for boys and girls. Stewart's College, about 350 yards west of Dean Bridge, was erected in 1849-53 at a cost of about 30,000 ; is a spacious edifice in mixed style of old Scottish and late domestic Gothic ; served till 1871 for maintaining and educating a restricted number of poor children ; and was then converted into a public school of similar character to Watson's College for boys. The Church of Scotland Normal School, in Johnstone Terrace, was erected in 1854 at a cost of about 10,000, and was designed in 1879 to be altered and enlarged. The Church of Scotland Training College, on north side of Chambers Street, was erected in 1879; has a stair-case exactly over the spot where Sir Walter Scott was born; and affords all appliances for the instruction of advanced male students. The Free Church Training College, in Canongate, includes Moray House, the interesting old town mansion of the Earls of Moray ; and has, behind that, an edifice erected in 1877 at a cost of about 5400. The Episcopalian Training College, in Dairy suburb, includes Dairy House, purchased, rearranged, and enlarged in 1877 ; and has, behind that, a new three-storey brick building. Leith Walk Public School, a little east of middle of Leith Walk, was erected in 1875-76 at a cost of about 9000 ; is in the decorated collegiate style; and has accommodation for 845 scholars. Canonmills Public School, a little north-west of Bellevue Crescent, was erected in 1879-80 at a cost of less than 7000; is in plain quasi-Gothic style; and has accommodation for about 800 scholars. Fountainbridge, Canongate, and Dairy Public Schools are of similar date and capacity. The Heriot Juvenile Schools, in eleven different localities, are all modern and spacious, and mostly either neat or ornamental. Several denominational schools also are of similar character. Fettes College, on a gentle rising ground near Comely Bank suburb, was erected in 1865-70 at a cost of about 150,000 ; in-cludescollege-proper,threeboarding-houses, and other buildings ; is in ornate variety of the collegiate pointed style ; makes an imposing figure in an extensive landscape ; and serves partly for maintaining and educating a restricted number of orphan boys, but more largely for educating non-founda-tioners on the system of the great public schools of England. Heriot's Hospital, between Lauriston and Grassmarket, was erected in 1628-50 at a cost of about 30,000 ; underwent renovation and improvement in 1833 and other years ; forms a quadrangle of 162 feet on each side, en-closing a court of 94 feet each way ; is in unique style, allied to the Gothic and the Tudor ; maintains and educates 120 resident boys and 96 non-resident; promotes the after-welfare of the boys, and supports the Heriot juvenile schools ; and had, in 1879, an income of 24,006. Donaldson's Hospital, about 600 yards west of Haymarket, was erected in 1842-51 at a cost of about 100,000, from a bequest of about 200,000; forms a quadrangle of 258 by 207 feet, enclosing a court of 176 by 164 feet ; is in modified variety of the Tudor style, with profusion of towers ; figures conspicuously in views of many miles to the west and the south ; and maintains and educates between 200 and 300 poor boys and girls. John Watson's Hospital, in Dean suburb, was erected in 1825-28 ; is a large edifice with Doric portico ; and maintains and educates about 100 fatherless children of professional men. The Orphan Hospital, also in Dean suburb, was erected in 1833 at a cost of nearly 16,000; comprises large centre, projecting wings, Tuscan portico, and two arch-cut towers ; and maintains and educates about 120 boys and girls. The Royal Institution, on north end of the Mound, was erected in 1823-36 at a cost of 40,000 ; is an oblong edifice in pure Doric style, with massive porticoes on the ends and uniform columniation along the sides; has a colossal sitting statue of Queen Victoria behind the apex of its north pediment, and large sphinxes on its four angles ; makes an imposing figure in the scenery of Princes Street; and contains the School of Design, a Sculpture Gallery, the Antiquarian Museum, and the chambers of the Royal Society and of the Board of Trustees for Manufactures in Scotland. The Art Galleries, on the Mound immediately be-hind the Royal Institution, were erected in 1850-58 at a cost of nearly 40,000 ; are a cruciform edifice, with broad, high transept in the middle ; "have Ionic porticoes on their north and south ends and on each face of the transept ; comprise two ranges of octagonal apartments, for respectively the National Gallery of Art and the Royal Scottish Academy, all lighted by cupolas ; and are notable both for a rich, permanent collection of works of art accessible to the public, and for an annual exhibition of the works of living artists from February till May. The Albert Institute, in Shandwick Place, was projected in 1876, to stand on ground purchased for 25,000, to contain a picture gallery and artists' studios, and to form a 'fine art centre where pictures may be exhibited all the year round.' The Botanic Garden, on west side of Inverleith Row, was formed in 1822-24, in lieu of a previous garden on east side of Leith Walk, and with safe removal thence of all plants; underwent enlargement about 1866, by inclusion of the contiguous Experimental Gardens formed in 1824 ; has now an area of 27 J acres ; was designed in 1880 to acquire new class-rooms with seats for 600 students ; and contains a museum, a magnetic observatory, extensive hot-houses, a magnificent palm-house, a Linnsean arrangement, a Jussieuan arrangement, a large arboretum, extensive terraced rockeries, an aquarium, a rosary, and splendid parterres. The Public Arboretum, contiguous to all the Botanic Garden's west side, lies around Inverleith House, and comprises about 30 acres ; originated in an agreement in 1877 that 18,408 should be paid for it by the City Corporation, and about 16,000 by Government ; and began to be laid out and planted near the end of 1879. East Princes Street Gardens, extending from "Waverley Bridge to the Mound, were laid out in 1830, and re-formed in 1849-50; have, on the level of Princes Street, an esplanade about 100 feet broad ; descend thence, in graduated banks, to a deep central belt traversed by the North British Bail way ; and comprise a remark-able aggregate of promenade walks and floral ornamentation. "West Princes Street Gardens, extending westward from the Mound, were formed in 1816-20, partly over fetid, marshy bed of the North Loch; belonged to the public, became private property, and were recovered for the public in 1876 ; underwent much improvement in subsequent years ; and, except for including a verdant ascent to the Castle ramparts, present a general re-semblance to the East Princes Street Gardens. The Meadows, in south part of the Old Town, measure about 6 fur-longs by 1 ; were anciently covered with a shallow lake ; and are now a well-drained and considerably embellished public park. Queen Street Gardens, on north border of north New Town, measure about 4 furlongs by half, serve as air-lungs, and present much beauty, but are private property. Dean Bridge Gardens, on north bank of "Water of Leith, below Dean Bridge, were formed in 1877-80 on ground purchased for about 5000, and make a fine display of ornate walks and terraced plots. The "Winter Garden, near Haymarket, was formed in 1870-71 ; has a front 130 feet long, with spacious main entrance surmounted by a dome ; and is private property, but accessible to the public. The New Observatory, on crown of Calton Hill, was erected in 1818 ; has the form of a Greek cross, with a Doric portico on each of its four fronts ; and is surmounted by a moveable dome 13 feet in diameter. The Old Observatory, adjacent to the new, was erected in 1776, and is a plain structure, now used as an anemometer. Short's Observatory, on Castle Hill, was erected about 1850; contains abundant appliances for popular scientific observation ; and has a tower commanding a panoramic view of the city and environs. The Signet Library, adjoining north-west side of Parliament House, was erected at a cost of 25,000 ; has handsome Grecian exterior, and richly ornate interior; was used by George iv. for receptions at the time of a banquet given to him in Parliament House; and contains numerous portraits, and about 60,000 volumes. The Advocates' Library, behind the Signet Library, comprises apartments beneath Parliament House, and separate buildings toward George iv. Bridge ; underwent extensive interior improvement in 1870-71 ; and contains numerous portraits, many literary curiosities, about 2000 manuscripts, and upwards of 200,000 volumes. The Antiquarian Museum, already mentioned as in the Royal Institution, contains a very extensive collection of all sorts of old or ancient British and foreign objects interesting to the archaeologist and the scholar. The Highland and Agricultural Society's Chambers, on west side of George iv. Bridge, were erected in 1839; are an ornamental isolated edifice ; and formerly contained a valuable agricultural museum, now in the University. The Assembly Rooms, on south side cf George Street between Hanover and Frederick Streets, were erected in 1787, and somewhat improved in 1871 ; are in plain Italian style, with Doric portico on piazza basement ; and contain a hall 92 feet long, 42 wide, and 40 high. The Music Hall, behind the Assembly Rooms, and approached through their entrance, was erected in 1843 at a cost of more than 10,000 ; measures interiorly 108 feet by 91 ; and has a large organ and very extensive orchestral accommodation. The Masonic Hall, behind a house on the same side of George Street farther west, was erected in 1858-59, and is much used for public entertainments. The Theatre Royal, at head of Broughton Street, succeeded two theatres on the same site, destroyed by fire in 1853 and 1865 ; was erected in 1866, gutted by fire in January 1875, and re-opened in January 1876 ; and is a spacious but plain structure with Italian front. The Royal Princess' Theatre, on east side of Nicolson Street, was much improved in 1876, and has sittings for about 1800 persons. The Gaiety Music Hall, in Chambers Street, was opened in 1875, and has 1200 sittings. Newsome's Circus, on west side of Nicolson Street, succeeded the Queen's Theatre, destroyed by fire in 1877. Cooke's Circus, in Grindlay Street, was opened in 1877 ; is a structure partly of brick and partly of wood ; and has sittings for upwards of 3000 per-sons. The Calton Convening Rooms, on north side of Waterloo Place, are much used for public entertainments. The Literary Institute, in South Clerk Street, was erected in 1870 and improved in 1875, and includes a large hall for lectures and concerts. Queen Street Hall, in eastern part of Queen Street, was erected in 1847 as the United Presbyterian Synod Hall ; is now used for the Philosophical Institution's lectures, and for public meetings; and contains accommodation for 1100 per-sons. The Royal Patent Gymnasium, on depressed ground at the north-east verge of northern New Town, was opened in 1865 ; covers an extensive area ; and contains a great variety of appliances for re-creation. The Old Royal Infirmary, in a large area behind South Bridge Street immediately east of the University, comprised a massive main edifice of 1738 and several other extensive buildings, and was purchased by the town council in 1881 to be converted into a fever hospital. The New Royal Infirmary, on south side of Lauriston Place adjacent to the New University Buildings, was founded in 1870 and opened in 1879 ; cost about 380,000; is on the pavilion system, and in the old Scottish baronial style ; extends in long narrow ranges south-wards to the Meadows; occupies an area of 11J acres, yet covers only 3 by the aggregate of its buildings ; presents to Lauriston Place an imposing main front with the ends of four pavilions at the sides and a massive three-storey steepled elevation in the centre ; is all so constructed as to secure the freest possible circulation of air around and within all its parts ; com-prises eight pavilions and twenty-four wards ; and contains beds for a daily average of 600 patients. Chalmers' Hospital, at south side of west end of Lauriston Place, was erected in 1861-64 ; is a large edifice in plain Italian style ; ministers to the sick and hurt ; and in 1879 treated 202 in door and 1806 out-door patients. The Maternity Hospital, at corner of Lauriston Place and Lauriston Park, was erected in 1877-78 at a cost of about 10, 500 ; is in modified domestic Gothic style ; and contains eight delivery wards. The Royal Edinburgh Lunatic Asylum, at south end of Morniugside, comprises a large neat edifice of 1810, an extensive addition of 1850, and enlargements and improvements of 1866; includes fine enclosed garden grounds ; and has a daily average of about 740 patients, and an annual income of about 43,500. The Asylum for Blind Males, on east side of Nicolson Street, comprises two houses originally private, refitted in 1806 and 1822, and subsequently improved. The Asylum for Blind Females, in West Craigmillar suburb to the south of May field, was erected in 1874-77 at a cost of about 13,000; is an edifice of centre and wings in light French style ; and has ornamental grounds of about 4 acres. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, to the north-west of Henderson Row, sprang from an initial school of 1810 ; was erected by subscription ; and is a neat, spacious, well-arranged The Victoria or General Assembly Hall , in a sharp angle at foot of Castle Hill and Johnstoue Terrace toward Lawnmarket, was erected in 1842-44 at a cost of about 16,000 ; is the meeting-place of the General Assembly of the Church of Scot-land ; is a large oblong edifice in decorated Gothic style ; and has a beautiful steeple 241 feet high, figuring conspicuously in most views of the city. St. Giles' Church, blocking part of High Street from most of Parliament Square, dates from Oth century, but retains no portion of earlier date than the 14th ; became a collegiate church in 14'.r.. and a cathedral in 1633; underwent division into assembly hall and three parochial churches : WM originally cruciform, but lost that shape l>y both additions and curtailments ; measures now LW tV. t in length and from 7'> to r_". feet in breadth : is surmounted by a unique crown-shaped spire 161 feet high ; was shorn of most of its old exterior architectural features by a modernizing renovation effected in 1829-32 at a cost of about 10,000; underwent tasteful interior renovation of its eastern or High Church section in 1872-73 at a cost of 4990; underwent renovation of the transepts in 1879 at corresponding cost ; was designed to undergo similar renovation of its nave in or after 1881, at a cost of about 10,500 ; and figures profusely in the history of the Scottish Re-formation, and of the persecuting times of the Stewarts. Tron Church, at corner of High Street and South Bridge, was erected in 1637-63 at a cost of about 6000 ; is in the Scottish Renaissance style ; and under-went improvements in 1828 and 1872. Greyfriars Churches, Old and New, at head of famous old cemetery near west end of Chambers Street, were erected in respectively 1612 and 1721, and have both been burnt and renovated. Trinity College Church, on south side of Jeffrey Street, was erected in 1871-72 in lieu of a celebrated church of 15th century on ground now covered by North British Railway station, and includes much re-production of that church in both feature and material. St. Cuthbert's Church, between West Princes Street Gardens and Lothian Road, succeeded a large ancient cruciform edifice on site of a Culdee cell ; was erected in 1775, without a steeple, at a cost of 4231 ; presented so very bald an appearance that a steeple was afterwards adjoined to it ; and is so capacious as to contain about 3000 sittings. St. George's Church, on west side of Charlotte Square, was erected in 1811-14 at a cost of 33,000 ; forms a square of 112 feet each way, with lofty Ionic portico on east front ; and is surmounted by successively a circular Corinthian colonnade, a massive dome, a lantern cupola, and a cross, the last at a height of 160 feet from the ground. St. Stephen's Church, at foot of St. Vincent Street, was erected in 1826-28 at a cost of 21,000, and is an octagonal edifice in mixed Roman style, with balustraded tower 165 feet high. St. Andrew's Church, on north side of easternmost section of George Street, was erected in 17>~> and 17M*. and is a plain oval edifice with Corinthian portico and very fine steeple. St. Mary s Church, in Bellevue Crescent, was erected in 1824 at a cost of 14,000, and has a handsome Corinthian portico and a beautiful three-storey tower, successively Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, crowned with cupola and small cyclostyle lantern. '21 other Established churches are within the city and suburbs. The Free Church Assembly Hall, on Castle Hill, opposite Victoria' Hall, was erected in Tv'S-.V.) at a cost of 7000; is plain but spacious ; and occupies the site of Mary of Guise's palace. St. John's Free Church, in south-eastern vicinity of that hall, was erected in 1S47, crowns a steep acclivity in the rear, and is in a mixed style of early Gothic. Barclay Free Church, at north-west corner of Bruntsfield Links, was erected in 1862-63 at a cost of more than 10,000, shows remarkable combinations of Gothic architecture, has an elegant steeple 250 feet high, and was interiorly renovated in 1SSO. Tron Free Church, on north side of Chambers Street, was erected in 1876-77 at a cost of 8000, and is in free variety of the Byzantine style. St. George's Free Church, at corner of Maitland and Stafford Streets, was erected in 1867-69 at a cost of 13,600 for the site, and 17,400 for the building ; is in the Palladian style, originally without tower or steeple ; and acquired in 1881-82 a tower 185 feet high in style of Italian campanile. Pilrig Free Church, at corner of Leith Walk and Pilrig Street, was erected in 1861-62, is in the early decorated Gothic style, and has a double transept and a steeple. St. Mary's Free Church, at corner of Broughton and Albany Streets, was erected in 1859-61 at a cost of 13,000, is in a mixed style of decorated Gothic and Tudor, and has a richly-carved lofty steeple. 34 other Free churches are within the city and suburbs. Broughton Place United Presbyterian Church, looking westward along Broughton Place thoroughfare, was erected in 1821 at a cost of 7095 : underwent improvement in 1853 and 1870 at a cost of about 4000 ; and has a neat neighbouring hall erected in 1878 at a cost of about 3000. Palmerston Place United Presbyterian Church, in western vicinity of St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, was erected in 1874-75 at a cost of about 14,000, is in classic Italian style, more like an old Roman temple than an ordinary British church, and has a long high portico flanked by towers. Morningside United Presbyterian Church, in Chamberlain Road, superseded a neighbouring church of 1863, was erected in 18 SI on plan estimated to cost upwards of 10,000, and is in the Xorman style with massive tower. 23 other United Presbyterian churches, 5 of them erected or in course of erection in 1880, and several others quite recent, are within the city and suburbs. Augustine Congregational Church, on George IV. Bridge, was erected in 1S61 at a cost of about 14,000 ; has a deep basement on an old low transverse street ; and is in the Byzantine style with minaret steeple. 5 other Congregational churches, 3 Evangelical Union, 4 Original Secession, 5 Baptist, 2 Methodist, a Glassite, a Quakers', a German, a Unitarian, and a Jews' synagogue, several of them erected near 1881, are within the city and suburbs. St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, on direct line with Melville Street, and on vista line with Princes Street, sprang from a bequest of about 400,000 by the late Miss "Walker of Coates ; was erected, minus western towers and chapter-house, in 1874-79 at a cost of about 110,000 ; is a cruciform structure, mainly in ornate early pointed style; measures 262 feet from east to west, and 132J along the transepts ; has a central tower and spire 275 feet high, surmounted by an iron cross 15 feet high ; and is designed to have two western towers and spires, each 209 feet high, and a north-eastern octagonal chapter-house. St. Paul's Episcopal Church, at corner of York Place and Broughton Street, was erected in 1816-18 at a cost of about 12,000 ; consists of nave and aisles, measuring 123 feet by 73 ; is mainly in later English style ; and has four lofty arch-cut turrets. St. John's Episcopal Church, at corner of Princes Street and Lothian Road, was erected in 1818 at a cost of 15,000 ; consists of nave and aisles 113 feet long ; is in florid Gothic style, with western pinnacled tower 120 feet high ; and was designed in 1880 to be enlarged by addition of a rectangular chancel. All Saints' Episcopal Church, in Brougham Street, was erected mostly in 1867 and partly in 1876, at a cost of about 10,500 ; is a cruciform Gothic edifice ; and has a massive porch and an octagonal tower. Christchurch Episcopal church, in Morningside, was erected in 1876-77 at a cost of about 10,500 ; is a cruciform edifice in early French Gothic style ; and has a steeple 140 feet high. Nine other Scottish Episcopal churches, and 2 English Episcopal churches, are within the city and suburbs. The Catholic Apostolic Church, at west end of East London Street, was erected to the extent of 200 by 45 feet in IN o76 at a cost of about 17,000; is in later Norman style, with small steeple at each corner ; and was designed to have a great western tower and other additions, at a probable cost of nearly 17,000. St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, at head of Broughton Street, was erected in 1813 at a cost of about 8000, and is in the^ third pointed style, with front pinnacles 70 feet nigh. Two other Roman Catholic churches and a convent are in the city. Numerous hotels, in the principal thoroughfares, are spacious edifices; and some of them, especially in and near Princes Street, are highly ornate. The New Club, in Princes Street, between Hanover and Frederick Streets, was erected for an association of noblemen and gentle-men on principles similar to those of the London "West End Clubs, and is an extensive, handsome edifice in the Italian style. The University Club, in Princes Street, between Castle and Charlotte Streets, was erected in 1866-67 at a cost of nearly 14,000, and is in Gnvco-Italian style. The United Service Club, in Queen Street, was erected in 1835. The Life Association Building, in Princes Street, contiguous to the New Club, was erected in 1S5558 ; has three double storeys, successively Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian ; and is profusely ornate. The "Widows' Fund Life Assurance Office, on west side of St. Andrew's Square, was erected in 1848-49 by the Western Bank Company; passed to its present use at a price very far below its cost ; and is a large edifice in the Florentine style. The Scottish Provident Institution's Office, on south side of St. Andrew Square, was erected in 1868, and is in florid Italian style. Numerous other semi-public buildings, especially in the older parts of the New Town, are large and elegant. The ancient City Cross, on a spot in High Street opposite the present Police Office, was an object of great interest, taken down in 1756, and bewailed in well-known verses of Sir Walter Scott ; and the pillar of it, after being 110 years out of view, was placed within the railings of St. Giles' Church in 1866. Some quite extinct ancient edifices in the Old Town, especially the Luckenbooths, westward from vicinity of the City Cross, the old Tplbooth, ' the Heart of Midlothian,' adjoining west end of the Luckenbooths, the Collegiate Church of St. Mary-in-the-Fields, on ground at south side of the University, Blackfriars Monastery, on ground covered by the Old Royal Infirmary, and Greyfriars Monastery, on ground within the present Greyfriars Cemetery, possess abiding interest, both for their historical associations and for extant descriptions of their structure. The city has 64 postal receiving offices and letter boxes, 4 subordinate railway stations, 28 district or branch banking offices, and head office and 3 branches of National Security Savings Bank ; and it publishes 5 daily newspapers, one twice a week, and six weekly. Its trade does not include any staple manufacture, but is large in miscellaneous produce, brewing, coach-building, printing, publishing, and general shopping and marketing. Its water-works draw from springs and stream-lets on the Pentland and Moorfoot Hills ; Avere commenced in 1722 on a small scale, at comparatively small cost ; extended prior to 1800 at a cost of 20,000; re-extended in years after 1819 at a cost of nearly 200,000 ; extended further in subsequent years at correspondingly large cost ; and extended again in the few years till near end of 1879 at a cost of 337,837. The corporation revenue in 1880 was 110,801 in the municipal department, 149,163 in the police department, and 30,841 in the street improvement department. The annual value of real property in 1880-81 was 1,727,741. The city returns two members to Parliament, and its University unites with that of St. Andrews iu sending one. Pop., in 1861, 168,121: in 1871, 197,581 ; in 1881, 228,357.