ROW, high natural arch in peninsular crag on Sandwick coast, Orkney.
ROWADILL, sea-loch and peninsula at south-eastern extremity of Harris, Outer Hebrides. A ruined church stands on the peninsula ; belonged to an ancient monastery on site of a Culdee cell ; and was used for some time as a parochial church.
ROWALLAN, ancient castle, 1 mile north-east of Kilmaurs, Ayrshire.
ROWANBURN, brook and village in Canonbie parish, Dumfriesshire. Pop. 407.
ROWARDENNAN, hotel on east side of Loch Lomond and south skirt of Benlomond, Stirlingshire. It is the best and ordinary starting-point for ascending Benlomond.
ROWCHESTER, seat in Greenlaw parish, Berwickshire.
ROXBURGH, village and parish in north of Roxburghshire. The village stands J mile west of the Teviot, and 3J miles by road, but 4 by railway, south-south-west of Kelso ; was long a considerable town, dating from about the time of David I. ; adjoins a ruined old tower bearing variously the names of Roxburgh, Wallace, and Sunlaws ; gives the titles of earl and duke to the family of Kerr ; is now a small place with rural aspect; and has a post office designated of Roxburghshire, a rail-way station, a parochial church with about 500 sittings, and a public school with about 104 scholars. The parish contains also Heiton village, measures about 8 miles by 5, and comprises 7781 acres. Real property in 1880-81, 16,499. Pop. 1012. The Tweed forms part of the northern boundary, and the Teviot crosses the interior, and is here spanned by a lofty fourteen-arched railway viaduct. A moorish hill is in the south-west, but the rest of the surface declines chiefly to the rivers, and is prevailingly low, undulated, and fertile. The seats are Sunlaws and Fairnington ; curious objects are several old artificial caves overlooking the Teviot ; and the chief antiquity is the ruin of Roxburgh Castle. There are 3 schools with capacity for 248 scholars.
ROXBURGH (OLD), quondam town on northern verge of Roxburgh parish, Roxburghshire. It stood on the peninsula between the Tweed and the Teviot, opposite original town of Kelso ; was one of the early four burghs of Scotland, and long a provincial capital ; had such prosperity in time of David I. as to originate Roxburgh town, 2 miles to the south-south-west, by overflow of its population ; possessed a great castle, a royal mint, and large ecclesiastical and commercial establishments ; figured much and suffered severely in wars of the Succession and other military conflicts ; underwent utter desolation in 1369 and 1460 ; passed under ban of the Scottish Government on account of entanglement with the English ; and is now represented by only a fragment of its castle. That structure stood on a tabular rock about 40 feet high at its upper extremity ; may have been erected by the Northumbrian Saxons; became, by enlargement, both a fortress of the Scottish kingdom and a palace of the Scottish kings ; went repeatedly, by capture, into possession of the English ; sustained a vigorous siege by James II. of Scotland at the cost of his life; was then taken by the Scotch, and dismantled, that it might not again serve the English ; underwent reconstruction into a barrack by the Duke of Somerset in 1547 ; and now consists of only ruined portions of walls covered with trees.
ROXBURGHSHIRE, inland county be-tween Berwickshire and Dumfriesshire, on Scottish border. Its length is 41 miles ; its greatest breadth 29 miles ; its circuit about 140 miles ; its area 670 square miles. Its boundary in most of the east, in most of the south-east, and in nearly all the south-west, is mostly lofty mountain watershed ; over an aggregate of about 7 miles in the north is the Tweed ; in other parts is mostly artificial and extensively capricious. A small section in the north-west, between the Gala and the Leader, consists of pastoral hills intersected by one vale, and flanked by parts of two others. Another small section on north side of the Tweed is part of the champaign of the Merse. A larger section, in the extreme south, is Liddesdale, chiefly moorish up-land, mainly bounded by lofty watersheds. The rest of the area, comprising fully three-fourths of the whole, consists principally of the basin of the Teviot ; gives some times the name of Teviotdale to the whole county ; includes Eildon Hills in the north-west, Minto Hills in the west centre, and Ruberslaw, Dunian, and Bonchester Hills farther south ; is bisected from south-west to north-east by the Teviot's vale, commencing in narrow glen, widening into considerable strath, and flattening and expanding into champaign ; and rises thence, partly in upper portion of the left side, principally with increasing breadth on the rij;ht side, through much diversity and pic:uresqueness of feature, to a boundary line of watershed, first along a range of the Southern Highlands, next along a central line of the Cheviots, with multitudes of summits upwards of 1500 feet high, to a culminating one 2668 feet high. The chief streams are the Liddel in the south passing into England, the Tweed in the north, the Teviot along the centre, and such numerous and brilliant affluents of the Tweed and the Teviot as give great beauty to the landscape. The lakes are numerous, but all small. The rocks possess much interest for geologists, but have small amount of economical value. Agriculture in both its arable and its pastoral departments is advanced and skilful. The woollen manufactures flourish in Hawick, Jedburgh, and Galashiels ; and other manufactures are considerable, both in these towns and in other places. The towns with each more than 4000 inhabitants are Hawick, Kelso, and part of Galashiels; one with upwards of 3000 is Jedburgh ; one with upwards of 1000 is Melrose ; and the villages with each more than 300 amount to 12. The territory belonged to the Caledonian Gadeni and Ottadini; was included by the Eomans in their Valentia ; formed part of the Saxon Northumbria ; figured much in the movements of the Culdees, and in all stages of the Border wars ; and has numerous Caledonian and Eoman remains, numerous Border peels and castles, and fine abbey ruins at Melrose, Jedburgh, and Kelso. Real property in 1880-81, 429,916. Pop. in 1871, 49,407 ; in 1881, 53,445.
