GLANDERSTON, estate in Neilston parish, Renfrewshire.

GLASCHOIREN, mountain in Ardnamurchan parish, Argyleshire.

GLASFORD.

GLASGOEGO, seat in Kinellar parish, Aberdeenshire.

GLASGOW, city on the Clyde, 43 miles by road, but 47i miles by railway, west-by-south of Edinburgh. It was formerly an archiepiscopal seat, and it is now a burgh, sending three members to Parliament, the political capital of Lanarkshire, the seat of justiciary courts for three counties, the seat of a university, ahead port, the commercial and manufacturing capital of Scotland, and the third or second most wealthy and populous town of the United Kingdom. The Clyde bisects it from end to end. The site over all the south side, and over about one-half of the north side, is part of the bed of an ancient estuary, nearly quite level ; and that of the northern half of the north side is a diversity of slope, plateau, and hill rising to altitudes of from 135 to 215 feet above the plain, and cut into three sections by transverse ravines. The city sprang from a Culdee cell, erected by St. Mungo or Kentigern, about the year 560, on west brow of the eastern ravine, about a mile from the Clyde ; it extended slowly, for a long period, over only the adjacent plateau and slopes ; it went little farther, till latter part of last century, than in narrow breadth southward to the Clyde, with some flanking to the east and the west ; it spread more rapidly till about the year 1820, chiefly by westward extension on the north ; and it then began to undergo increasingly rapid extension, mostly toward the west and the south, till it measured about 3 miles by 2 in compact masses of street, and about 6 miles by 4J to the ends and sides of its suburbs and outskirts. But the area of its parishes, besides a large portion on the south side within Renfrewshire, comprises 20, 481 acres . Most of the streets run in straight lines ; many cross one another at right angles ; the greater number are spacious ; two terraces, each open to the river, extend along the Clyde ; and several squares, wide crescents, and other open spaces, relieve the density of the street masses. The old portions, both central and suburban, became in great degree squalid and pestiferous ; but by demolition, reconstruction, and other methods, have undergone a pleasant change. An Improvement Trust commenced operations in 1866, provided new house accommodation for great multitudes prior to 1877, had then completed only about half of their scheme, were then proceeding to widen some streets, demolish others, construct new ones, and form squares or other open areas, and promoted a bill in the session of 1879-80 to increase their borrowing powers from 1,250,000 to 1,500,000. The unrenovated old parts are mostly very plain ; but the modern extensions abound in neatness and taste, and exhibit large amount and great variety of architectural ornament. The general alignment, the prevailing structure, and the large aggregate of beauty, even despite of crowds of factories and volumes of smoke in certain parts, present a striking contrast to the character of most of the large towns of England. The public buildings also, in the aggregate, are highly imposing ; many of the semi-public buildings, and some of the warehouses too, are richly embellished ; and all these, as well as most of the other houses, derive much advantage from being built of a light-coloured, fine-grained, siliceous sandstone. The County and Municipal Buildings form one block, and comprise the County Court-Houses fronting Ingram Street, the County Offices fronting Hutcheson Street, and the Municipal Rooms fronting Wilson Street, the first erected in 1862 and 1872 at a cost of about 90,000, the second in 1843 at a cost of 10,300, the third in 1844 at a cost of 62,000. New Municipal Buildings, to occupy all the east side of George Square, and to cost probably about 250,000, were in progress of approved design in July 1882. The Central Police Office, in Bell Street, is a high hollow square, and was erected in 1825 and 1851 at a cost of 21,000. The South Prison, fronting west end of Glasgow Green, was erected in 1801-4 at a cost of 34,800, and is now used chiefly for the justiciary courts. The North Prison, in Duke Street, is a dismal group of strong structures, erected at five successive times from 1798 till 1872. A new prison, to supersede that in Duke Street, and to stand on a tract of 32 acres, near Cumbernauld Road, about 3 miles from Glasgow, was projected in early part of 1880. The old Tolbooth, figuring in Sir "Walter Scott's novel of Rob Roy, occupied the site of a lofty block of business premises at corner of High Street and Trongate; and the steeple which adjoins it still stands, has a height of 126 feet, and terminates in the form of an imperial crown. The Tontine Buildings, containing the old town hall, contiguous to the site of the old Tolbooth, and long proverbial for unique structure, were reduced to commonplace features by the City Improvement Trust. The old Barracks, on an area with spacious parade-ground in Gallowgate, were erected in 1795; and the Improvement Trust designed in 1877 to convert their area into a public square. The New Barracks, near Maryhill, were completed in 1875, and are very superior to the old. The City Hall, in Candlerigg Street, has a very plain exterior, but contains an apartment with accommodation for nearly 4000 persons. The Trades Hall, in Glassford Street, was erected in 1791, and served for all sorts of public assemblies, and was designed in 1877 to be entirely rebuilt on a larger scale. The Procurators' Hall, with fronts to St. George Place and West Nile Street, was erected in 1856, and is in florid Venetian style. The New Public Halls, with frontages to Berkeley Street, Granville Street, and Kent Road, were erected in 1874-77 at an estimated cost of about 62,500, cover an area of 3500 square yards, and contain a main hall with accommodation for 2926 persons, and numerous other apartments. The Royal Exchange, confronting the line of Ingram Street, was erected in 1829 at a cost of 60,000; has an octostyle Corinthian portico and a cyclostyle lantern-tower; and contains an ornate very spacious reading-hall. The Stock Ex-change, at corner of Buchanan Street and St. George Place, was erected in 1875-77 at a cost of about 45,000, and is in ornate Gothic style, with tower 112 feet high. The Merchants' House, on west side of George Square, was erected in 1874-76, and is in elaborate Italian style, with tower 122 feet high. The Post Office, on south side of George Square, was founded in 1876 by the Prince of Wales ; presents flank frontages to South Han-over and South Frederick Streets ; covers an area of fully 2500 square yards ; and possesses ample apartments and facile arrangements for all departments of its work. The Bank of Scotland, at corner of St. Vincent Place and George Square, was erected in 1867, and has, over its entrance, a massive entablature resting on cattle caryatides. The Royal Bank, behind the Royal Exchange, was erected in 1829, has a fine Ionic portico, and was reconstructed throughout its interior in 1874. The British Linen Company's Bank, at corner of Queen Street and Ingram Street, is a large, lofty, ornate Venetian edifice, with fine balustrade. The Commercial Bank, on north side of Gordon Street, was erected in 1857, and is a large and highly ornate structure, resembling Farnese Palace in Rome. The National Bank, on west side of Queen Street, is in rich mixed Italian style. The Union Bank, on south side of Ingram Street, was erected in 1842, and much altered and enlarged in 1877-78, and has a lofty hexastyle Doric portico, surmounted by six colossal statues. The Clydesdale Bank, in St. Vincent Place, was erected in 1872-73; presents three storeys, successively rusticated, Ionic, and Corinthian ; and has a lofty entrance portico with side groups of sculpture. The quondam City of Glasgow Bank, extending from Virginia Street to Glassford Street, was in course of enlargement when the bank became insolvent, was carried to completion by the liquidators, and was sold to warehousemen in 1880 for 45,000. The Savings Bank, in Glassford Street, was erected in 1865 at a cost of 14,000. The Scottish Amicable Assurance Office, in St. Vincent Place, was erected in 1872-73, and is in rich Italian style with sculptured symbols. The City of Glasgow Life Assurance Office, in Renfield Street, is also in rich Italian style, and has colossal statues of St. Mungo and St. Andrew. Several other semi-public edifices are of similar character. A monument to Sir Walter Scott, com-E rising lofty pedestal, column 80 feet igh, and colossal statue, erected in 1837, stands in the centre of George Square. Equestrian statues of Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort, constructed in 1854 and 1866, stand in the middle of respectively the west and the east divisions of that square. Pedestalled bronze statues of Sir John Moore, 1819 ; James Watt, 1832; Sir Robert Peel, 1858 ; Lord Clyde, 1866 ; Dr. Thomas Graham, 1872 ; the poet Burns, 1877; the poet Campbell, 1877; and Dr. Livingstone, 1879, stand on the borders of that square. An equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington, erected in 1844 at a cost of 10,000, stands in front of the Royal Exchange. An equestrian statue of King William III., presented to the city in 1736, stands in front of the Tontine Buildings. A monument of Lord Provost Stewart, in form of large jet fountain with surmounting figure of the ' Lady of the Lake,' for benefits conferred in water-supply from Loch Katrine, stands near the centre of Kelvingrove Park. An obeliskal monument of Lord Nelson, 144 feet high, erected in 1806, stands on Glasgow Green. A statue of James Lumsden, erected in 1862, for services to the Royal Infirmary, stands in the Infirmary's front. A fine bronze statue of Rev. Dr. Norman M'Leod, erected in 1881, stands near Barony Church. Conspicuous or handsome monuments to John Knox, William M'Gavin, Major Monteith, Principal Macfarlane, Rev. Drs. Dick, Wardlaw, Heugh, and Black, Rev. Edward Irving. Charles Tennant, James Ewing, Michael Scott, the poet Motherwell, and other eminent persons, stand in the Necropolis overlooking the Cathedral. An obeliskal monument of the Radicals Hardie and Baird, and numerous other monuments, stand on the conspicuous rising ground of Sighthill Cemetery. Glasgow Bridge, on the Clyde at head of the harbour, was erected in 1835 in lieu of a previous beautiful bridge, at a cost of 37,000, is 560 feet long and 60 feet wide ; and was proposed in 1877 to be widened 30 feet at an estimated cost of 33,000. The pedestrian suspension bridge, about 200 yards east of Glasgow Bridge, was erected in 1853 and improved in 1871 ; and was proposed in 1877 to be superseded by a carriage bridge at a cost of about 80,000 for construction, and about 41,065 for requisite adjacent street alterations. Victoria Bridge, on a line with Stockwell Street, superseded a bridge of 1345, long the only one for the city ; was erected in 1856 at a cost of 40,000 ; and is 445 feet long and 60 feet wide. Albert Bridge, on a line with Saltmarket Street, superseded a faulty bridge of 1833, was erected in 1870-71, and shows remarkable combination of commodiousness and elegance. The pedestrian suspension bridge, near Nelson's Monument, was erected in 1855. The Caledonian Railway viaduct, about 115 feet west of Glasgow Bridge, was constructed in 1876-79, stands 32 feet over the level of high-water, has a width of 50 feet between the bearing girders, and is perfectly level from end to end. The Union Railway viaduct, about 165 yards east of Victoria Bridge, was completed in 1870, and presents a very plain appearance. A handsome iron bridge on the Kelvin, to connect the two portions of Kelvinside Park, and to form a direct route from Glasgow-proper to the Billhead side of the University, was founded in October 1880. The City Bazaar, between Candlerigg and Albion Streets, covers the ground of the old city bowling-green, comprises an area of 2377 square yards, and has good arrangements for almost every kind of commodity. The Cattle Market, between eastern part of Duke Street and Gallowgate, comprises an area of 30,000 square yards, has prime arrangements and appliances, and witnesses the sale of about 400,000 animals a year. The Fish Market, extending from Clyde Street to Bridgegate, is a recent erection, in room of a previous one, measures 190 feet in length, and 90 feet in average width, and has a light arched roof 60 feet high. The Dead Meat Market, and the abbatoirs, in eastern vicinity of that, became so insufficient for the demands on them, that a bill was promoted in the session of 1876-77 for power to enlarge them, to construct a Hide Market, to acquire adjacent lands or houses for them, and to borrow for these purposes an additional 80,000. The revenue from the cattle, fish, and dead-meat markets and the abbatoirs in 1880 was 15,281; the expenditure, 5348. Spacious first-class hotels stood on north and east sides of George Square, on ground required for extension of North British Railway station, and for erection of New Municipal Buildings. Other prime hotels are numerous, both in the same vicinity and in other central thoroughfares. The Western Club, at north corner of Buchanan and St. Vincent Streets, is a large ornamental edifice in the Italian palatial style, with tetrastyle entrance porch and rich general entablature, and has apartments and fittings on a grand scale and in high elegance. The New Club, in West George Street, was inaugurated in January 1880 ; has a handsome street frontage of 84 feet, with sculptural embellishments ; and contains a dining-hall 76 feet long, 30 feet wide, and 24 feet high. The Queen's Rooms, near south entrance of Kelvingrove Park, were erected in 1860; have, in three fronts, a series of emblematic sculptures ; and possess accommodations for assemblies, concerts, and public entertainments. Kelvingrove Museum, in the park adjacent to the Kelvin, is a Roman Doric edifice of 1874-75 adjoined to an old mansion, was designed to be extended, and contains a large collection of both natural and artificial curiosities. The Corporation Picture Galleries, on north side of Sauchiehall Street, are large, lofty, and handsome ; contain halls for exhibitions, concerts, conversaziones, and civic public banquets ; have a rich collection of pictures and sculptures, freely open to the public ; and include the School of Art class-rooms and two special libraries. The Fine Art Institute, on south side of Sauchiehall Street, was erected in 1879-80, at a cost of about 15,000 ; is embellished with historical and emblematic sculptures ; and contains six galleries, the largest measuring 96 by 31 feet. The Athenaeum, in Ingram Street, was originally the Assembly Rooms, erected in 1796-1807, and contains amusement rooms, abundantly-supplied reading-rooms, and a library with more than 11,000 volumes. The Mitchell Library, also in Ingram Street, but in temporary premises, was opened near the end of 1877, contains a library with more than 32,000 volumes, and a magazine-room with more than 150 serials, and is free to the public without either introduction or guarantee. Stirling's and Glasgow public library, in Miller Street, comprises two large libraries, formerly and long in separate buildings, and is free to the public for consultation. The Theatre Royal, in Hope Street, was opened in October 1880, occupies the site of a previous theatre destroyed by fire, and has sitting accommodation for nearly 3000 persons. The Royalty Theatre, in Sauchiehall Street, was opened in December 1879. Other theatres are the Gaiety in Sauchiehall Street, the Prince of Wales in Cow-caddeus, and the Royal Princess in Gorbals. Music halls are the Royal in Dunlop Street, the Scotia in Stockwell Street, and the Britannia in Trongate. The Old University, on east side of High Street, was erected chiefly in 1632-62 ; comprised three quadrangles of official buildings, and one of professors' houses ; had a frontage of 305 feet, and a steeple 148 feet high ; and is now, with demolition or change of its backward parts, the eastern station of North British Railway. The New College, on Gilmpurhill, adjacent to right side of the Kelvin, was founded in 1866, opened in 1870, and in such condition at October 1873 as to require 71,000 for completion ; cost till that date 415,000 ; covers nearly four times more ground than was occupied by the Old College ; presents to the south a main frontage 532 feet long, with central tower 150 feet high, and spire also 150 feet high ; includes two great blocks for respectively a vast library and very rich museum ; acquired in 1881-82 a central common hall, 110 feet long, 68 feet wide, and 74 feet high ; is in mixed styles of architecture, with predominance of early pointed; has 27 professorships and 5 lectureships ; and, in the session of 1879-80, had 2235 matriculated students. Anderson's College, in George Street, dates from 1796, but occupies an edifice of 1782, considerably reconstructed since 1876 ; has 19 professor-ships or lectureships, besides conductors of junior and evening classes ; includes an extensive museum ; and is usually attended by upwards of 2200 students. The Royal Observatory, on Dowanhill, about 5 furlongs north-west of the New College, is a handsome modern structure, and commands an extensive view. A new observatory, to stand on an eminence near Maryhill, to rise to the height of 200 feet, and to cost at least 10,000, was projected in June 1880. The Royal Botanic Garden, at north-west extremity of Billhead, com-prises 6J acres, includes picturesque steep descents to the Kelvin, and has good buildings, arrangements, and walks. The Kibble Crystal Palace, within the Botanic Garden, was transposed thither from Coulport in 1872 ; and has two domes about 40 ft. high, and accommodation for about 7000 persons. The Winter Gardens, in southern vicinity of the Botanic Garden, were opened in 1875, and have glass-houses aggregately extending to 1320 feet. The former High School, behind north side of George Street, was a plain edifice of about 1820, measuring 120 feet by 28. The present High School, in Elmbank Place, is a handsome spacious edifice, was erected in 1846, under name of Glasgow Academy, by a sharehold company, and went by sale in 1877 for 32,000 to the City School Board. The Board, in 1880, had in operation 37 permanent elementary schools with accommodation for 30,457 scholars, 7 temporary elementary schools with accommodation for 2454 scholars, and 20 elementary evening schools with 4446 scholars on the roll. The present Glasgow Academy, on Great Western Road, and Kelvinside Academy, are secondary or higher-class schools. Hutcheson's Hospital, at corner of Ingram Street and John Street, is a steepled edifice of 1639-41 ; had long an endowment revenue of about 3000 a year, spent in educating poor boys and pensioning poor burgesses ; and now has an income of about 7000, spent in maintaining two secondary schools, providing extensive primary education, and giving numerous school and college bursaries. The capital value of endowments in the city, inclusive of Hutcheson's, was in 1880, for mainly and simply elementary education, about 66,539 ; for education of poor children, 52,635 ; for maintenance or clothing, along with education, 318,317 ; for education restricted to particular classes of the people, 214,616; for education through lectures, libraries, and similar means, 43,511 ; for religious instruction, 2660. The Church of Scot-land Normal School, at east end of New City Road, was erected in 1827 at a cost of 15,000, and has a front 128 feet long, receding wings 110 feet long, and a central tower. The Free Church Normal School, in Cowcaddens Street, was erected in 1846 at a cost of 8000, and is a spacious Gothic edifice. The Mechanics' Institution, in Bath Street, was erected in 1861 at a cost of about 4000, maintains teaching and lecturing on many subjects, includes a model room and a laboratory, and receives aid from Hutcheson's Hospital endowment. The Veterinary College, in Buccleuch Street, and the Agricultural College, affiliated to it, also maintain teaching and lecturing, and have suitable appliances. The Cathedral, on brink of eastern ravine, about a mile north-east-by-east of the Royal Exchange, covers the site of St. Mungo's cell ; was founded in 1136, and built chiefly in 1192-97 ; underwent renovation in years subsequent to 1828 ; consists of nave, choir, small south transept, Lady chapel, crypt, and chapter-house, with central steeple 225 feet high ; measures 319 feet in length, 63 feet in breadth, and 90 feet in height ; and acquired, in course of its renovation, a surpassingly rich dis-play of stained-glass windows. The nave is 155 feet long, and forms a striking specimen of pure early pointed architecture ; the choir is 97 feet long, has been refitted in the old cathedral style, and serves as the High or St. Mungo's Parochial Church ; the Lady chapel extends eastward from the choir, stands on declivity of the ravine's brow, and exhibits there, at great height, richly carved early pointed windows ; the crypt underlies the choir and the Lady chapel, measures 125 feet in length, forms a chef-d'oeuvre of architecture in styles from plain Norman to intricate . second pointed, served long as the Barony parochial church, and figures graphically in Sir Walter Scott's novel of Rob Roy. St. Andrew's Established Church, in St. Andrew Square, was erected in latter part of last century, has a hexastyle composite portico surmounted by lofty steeple, and was renovated in 1879-80 at a cost of 2600. St. David's Established Church, confronting head of Candlerigg Street, occupies the site of a previous church of 1724, and is cruciform and Gothic, with pinnacled tower 120 feet high. St. John's Established Church, confronting short street off Gallowgate, was erected for Rev. Dr. Chalmers, and is a large Gothic structure with pinnacled tower. Park Established Church, on high ground adjacent to Kelvingrove Park, was erected in 1861, and is a massive Gothic edifice with lofty tower terminated in eight pinnacles. 74 other Established churches are within the city and suburbs, and some of them are noticed in our other articles. The Free Church College, in near vicinity to Park Established Church, was erected in 1860-62 ; presents to the west a Saxon front, surmounted by very lofty, massive, ungraduated tower ; and has 4 professor-ships in theology and a lectureship in physical science. College Free Church projects from north side of Free Church College, was erected at the same time _as that edifice, and has an octostyle Corinthian portico. St. John's Free Church, in George Street, was erected in 1845, is in middle pointed style, and has a lofty beautiful spire. Renfield Free Church, in "West Bath Street, was erected in 1857 at a cost of about 12,000, and is in florid Gothic style with tall open octagonal turrets. St. Matthew's Free Church, a little farther west, has a rich Gothic front and a fine lofty steeple. 69 other Free churches are within the city and suburbs. Greyfriars United Presbyterian Church, in North Albion Street, was erected in 1821 at a cost of 8300, and is a spacious edifice with Grecian portico. Cathedral Square United Presbyterian Church was erected in 1879-80 in lieu of a previous church in Duke Street, sold to North British Railway Company for 18,500, and is in the Italian style with tower 111 feet high. Camphill United Presbyterian Church was completed in 1877 at a cost of 13,000, and has a fine costly organ. Wellington Street United Presbyterian Church was erected in 1828 at a cost of about 9000, and has a hand-some Grecian portico. St. Vincent Street United Presbyterian Church was erected in 1858, is a large structure with cupola-capped tower, and shows juxtapositions of Ionic and Egyptian architecture. Renfield Street United Presbyterian Church, adjacent to Sauchiehall Street, was erected in 1848 at a cost of 12,695, and exhibits ornate Gothic features. Bath Street United Presbyterian Church was erected in 1875-76 at a cost of about 9000, and is in the Grecian style. Lansdowne United Presbyterian Church, near west end of Great Western Road, was erected in 1862-63 at a cost of more than 12,500, and is in the middle pointed style with tower and slender spire 220 feet high. Woodland Road United Presbyterian Church was erected in 1875 at a cost of about 16,000, and is spacious and elegant. 52 other United Presbyterian churches, 3 United Original Secession churches, a Reformed Presbyterian church, and 2 Free Presbyterian places of worship are within the city and suburbs. Elgin Place Congregational Church, near West Bath Street, was erected in 1856, in lieu of Dr. Wardlaw's church in George Street, now included in North British Railway station, and is a handsome edifice with florid Ionic portico. Trinity Congregational Church, in Claremont Street, was erected about 1867, and is an ornate edifice with tower and spire. Dundas Street Evangelical Union Church was erected about 1842, and is a triple-gabled Norman structure, with flank entrance-tower and truncated spire. 12 other Congregational churches, 9 other Evangelical Union churches, an old Scotch Independent church, a Baptist church erected in 1877 at a cost of 12,000, 12 other Baptist places of worship, a Glassite church, a Free Gospel church, a Swedenborgian church, 5 Plymouth Brethren's places of worship, 2 of Christian Israelites, 1 of Quakers, 2 of Unitarians, and 6 of other small denominations, are within the city and suburbs. The Wesleyan Methodist Church in Sauchiehall Street, in lieu of a previous church in John Street, was erected in 1880-81 at a cost of about 8200, and includes a church-proper with 785 sittings, and a hall with 500. 6 other Wesleyan Methodist churches, and 3 Primitive Methodist places of worship, are within the city and suburbs. The Evangelistic Hall, in James Morrison Street, was completed in May 1877 at a cost of 14,000. The Christian Institute, in Bothwell Stree, was completed in October 1879 at a cost of 28,500; is an elegant Gothic edifice with hagiological sculptures and a tower 126 feet high ; and contains a very spacious hall, class-rooms, library, reading-rooms, and gymnasium. St. Mary's Episcopalian Church, on Great Western Road, was erected in 1870-71 at a cost of about 20,000, is an ornate edifice in the early pointed style, and has is a neat oblong structure in Grseco-Egyp-tian style. 8 other Episcopalian churches and 2 Episcopalian missions are within the city and suburbs. St. Andrew's Roman Catholic Church, in Great Clyde Street between Victoria and Glasgow Bridges, was erected as nave and aisles in 1817 at a cost of more than 13,000 ; was enlarged with transepts and interiorly improved in 1871 ; and is a spacious florid Gothic edifice, with profusion of turrets and crocketted pinnacles. St. Mungo's Roman Catholic Church, in Parson Street near the Cathedral, was erected in 1869, together with large schools and 6 priests' residences, and it forms with them an extensive mass of stnictures. St. Francis' Roman Catholic Church, in Cumberland Street, was erected in 1880-81 ; was estimated to cost about 12,000 ; and is a splendid edifice in the early decorated style. 15 other Roman Catholic churches and 2 convents are within the city and suburbs. The Jewish Synagogue, at corner of Hill Street and Thistle Street, Garnethill, was erected in 1878-79 at a cost of about 10,000 exclusive of the site, and is in the Romanesque style with Byzantine details. The Royal Infirmary, on site of archiepiscopal palace near the Cathedral, was erected in 1792-94 ; is a large, isolated, five-storey, cupola-crowned edifice, in the Roman-Corinthian style ; contains 15 wards and 283 beds ; and in the year 1879 treated 5285 in-door patients, gave aid through its dispensary to 32,547 patients, and had an income and an expenditure of respectively 27,153 and 28,132. The Western Infirmary, in western vicinity of the New College, was opened, incomplete, in October 1874 ; was estimated to cost, at completion, not less than 100,000; is constructed on the block and pavilion system; measures 460 feet by 260; and in the year 1876 admitted 1767 patients, treated 7808 out-patients, and had an ordinary income and expenditure of respectively 9993 and 11,478. The Fever Hospital, a little north of the Royal Infirmary, was erected about 1816, is a large plain edifice, and contains 11 wards and 267 beds. The Smallpox Hospital, contiguous to the Belvidere Fever Hospital, was erected in 1875-77, at a cost of about 27,500 ; comprises 5 pavilions, each with 4 wards ; and has accommodation for about 150 patients. The Eye Infirmary, in Berkeley Street, has 70 beds for operation cases, and treats annually more than 8000 patients. The Maternity Hospital, at corner of North Portland Street and Rottenrow, was rebuilt in 1880-81, is in plain early English style, has 36 beds for in-door patients, and treats annually more than 1000 cases. The Asylum for the Blind, about 280 yards north-north-west of the Cathedral, was erected in 1827-28, contains both schools and workshops, and produces goods worth about 16,000 a year. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, adjoining south side of Queen's Park, was erected in 1871, and is a large handsome edifice in the Venetian style. The Lunatic Asylum, at Gartnavel, was erected in 1842 at a cost of more than 45,000, is in mixed style of Saxon and Gothic, contains accommodation for 680 patients, and had in 1879 an income of 28,459. The City Poorhouse, in Parliamentary Road, was erected as the Lunatic Asylum amid a thoroughly rural tract ; lost fitness for its purpose by city extension and rail way operation ; became the City Poorhouse for a payment of 15,000 ; and is a large eight-sided edifice, with radiating wings and a central dome. The Barony Poorhouse, in a north-eastern suburb, is noticed in our article on Barnhill. The Boys' Refuge and Reformatory, near corner of Duke Street and Craigpark Street, was erected in 1836-38 at a cost of about 13,000, and is a large edifice in the Roman style. The Girls' Refuge and Reformatory is at Loch-burn, near Maryhill ; the Boys' Industrial Schools are at Mossbank, Hogganfield ; the Girls' Industrial Schools are in Rottenrow ; a Day Industrial School is in Green Street ; and Reformatories and Industrial Schools are connected with the Roman Catholic churches. The Juvenile Delinquency Com-missioners' income and expenditure in 1880 were respectively 10,026 and 9068. Lodging-houses, on a great scale, well-constructed, and in several localities, have been erected by the City Improvement Trust, and they yielded in 1880 a revenue of 6990. The Lodging-House Association, formed in 1847, had several extensive premises ; possessed, in 1877, a capital of 9000, and property worth 20,000 ; and was then dissolved with the result of re-paying all its debenture holders, and giving a balance of nearly 10,000 to the Royal Infirmary. The Public Baths, in London Road, were built in 1855, and renovated and enlarged in 1876, and have a swimming bath and 27 ordinary baths. The Public Baths and Wash-Houses, at Green head, were erected in 1877-78 at a cost of nearly 20,000, and have 2 swimming baths for respectively males and females, 15 other baths, and 48 washing compartments. The city's water-supply is drawn mainly by pipes from Loch Katrine, and partly by gravitation from places in Renfrewshire ; has elaborate works, opened by Queen Yictoria in 1859, from Loch Katrine through a vast reservoir at Mugdock to the city ; involved the borrowing of 1,358,812 till December 1876 ; required the Commissioners then to seek borrowing power for any amount short of 450,000 to make extension of the gravitation works ; and, in the year ending 28th May 1880, afforded a daily average of 37,296,401 gallons, yielded a revenue of 140,898, and involved an ordinary expenditure of 36,064, and a payment in interest and annuities of 80,880. The city's sanitary condition has been greatly improved by the operations of the Improvement Trust, but is still very defective as regards the density of some old streets and alleys, and the excessive pollution of the Clyde and the Kelvin. A bill was promoted by the Police Board in 1876-77 for power to borrow an additional sum not exceeding 120,000, to be applied in opening up proper street communication and removing causes of nuisance ; and another bill was promoted in the same year for appointing commissioners to represent the various local authorities throughout the basin of the Clyde, to supervise the action of these authorities, to enforce, where necessary, the provisions of 'The Rivers' Pollution Prevention Act of 1876,' and to exercise their powers over the entire basin down to Gourock and Kilcreggan. The North British Railway's chief station, adjacent to north-west corner of George Square, was originally the western terminus of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway ; underwent extension from time to time, but soon became utterly inadequate for the rapidly increasing traffic; had the additional disadvantage of starting and receiving its trains through a long narrow tunnel ; was proposed, in 1877, to be so improved as to have the tunnel be-hind it laid open, and so vastly enlarged as to extend northward to Holmhead Street and eastward to North Hanover Street ; and, notwithstanding much opposition and difficulty, underwent the improvement and much of the extension before the end of 1880. The excavation of 100,000 cubic yards was made to open and widen the tunnel ; and a double departure platform, 700 feet long and 32 feet wide, and four arrival platforms, two of them 600 feet long, the other two 500 feet long, were constructed in lieu of previously crowded and crushing accommodation. The North British Railway's eastern station, as already noticed, is in the Old College, High Street. The Cale-donian Railway's old or original station, at head of Buchanan Street, is little more than a great commodious shed, but continues to be used for some passenger trains and for mineral traffic. That rail-way's new or central station, in Gordon Street, about 1 furlong west of the Royal Exchange, is part of very extensive works commenced in 1876 ; was opened, incomplete, at beginning of 1880 ; presents a handsome five-storied frontage to Gordon Street, and minor frontages to Union Street and Hope Street ; and has a shed 600 feet long, 220 feet wide, and 65 feet high to the roof-ridge, three platforms each 800 feet long, and six other platforms each about 500 feet long. A series of enormously large arches carries the rail-way southward from the terminus to the Clyde ; and a viaduct, already noticed in our paragraph on bridges, takes it across the river. The old Bridge Street station for jointly the Caledonian and the Glasgow and South-Western, is entered immediately beyond the viaduct, but has been partly dismantled. A new station, much longer and wider, for the Caledonian alone, is a little farther south ; another new station, for jointly the Caledonian and the Glasgow and South-Western, is to the west of that ; and a large double new station, exclusively Caledonian, with two sections on different levels for different diverging lines, is on the site of the quondam Govan poorhouse, in Eglinton Street. The old South-Side Caledonian station is now used mainly for goods and mineral traffic. The City Union Railway's station, in St. Enoch's Square, was so far constructed in October 1876 as to be then opened for traffic ; serves mainly for the Glasgow and South-Western by way of the viaduct over the Clyde between Albert and Victoria bridges, but connects also with the North British eastward through the College station ; presents its main frontage to the east side of St. Enoch's Square, but extends eastward to Dunlop Street and northward from Howard Street to the houses of Argyle Street ; has a shed 500 feet long, 198 feet wide, and 80 feet high, and six platforms varying from 600 feet to 900 feet in length ; and is adjoined by a very spacious hotel in the old Scottish baronial style. The terminus of a new branch line of railway, from the North British in vicinity of Maryhill, is adjacent to the harbour at foot of Finnieston Street. A new railway, from terminus at Bothwell Street to Dumbarton, was projected in September 1879, to comprise a main line to Yoker, at an estimated cost of 603,000, and connections with previously existing lines at an estimated further cost of more than 400,000. A circular line of railway for the southern suburbs, onward to Pollockshaws and Langside, with branch up the valley of the Cart, to be worked from both the Central and the St. Enoch's stations, was projected in November 1879, at an estimated cost of 150,000. The street tramways are well ramified through the city, extend on all sides to remote suburbs, and have 19 starting points for the cars. Glasgow in 1546 had less population and trade than each of 10 other towns in Scot-land ; and she has risen to her present vast predominance entirely through enter-prise and skill in manufactures and commerce. Yet her progress in manufactures dates only from about 1725, or more fully from 1792 ; and her progress in commerce and in shipbuilding dates only from about 1812, or more fully from about 1827. Her manufactures arose in successively woollens, linens, and cottons, but now comprise nearly all departments of industry, and employ, directly or indirectly, at least nine-tenths of all the able-bodied population. The factories and other industrial establishments are so numerous and large as to occupy a main proportion of the area of several districts of the city, and to give to more than one-half of it a murky atmosphere and a roaring traffic. The commerce, for a long time, had its seat at Port-Glasgow ; and even when it became so vigorous as to require the deepening of the river, up to the formation of a harbour at the city, it gave small promise of attaining its present magnitude. The harbour's area at first was only 4 acres, but increased to 11 in 1827, to 42 in 1849, to 70 in 1861 ; and the quays at first were remarkably short, but increased to 1114 yards in 1827, to 3019 in 1849, to 4376 in 1861, and, with proportionate enlargement of the area, had a length of about 8500 yards in 1880. The river, for about 2^: miles from Glasgow Bridge, is now all harbour, deep enough for the largest sea-going ship, presents the appearance of an enormous dock, and possesses sheds, tramways, cranes, and other appliances, as fully as any seaside first-class harbour. Kingston dock, off the south side, has an area of 9 acres ; and Stobcross docks, off the lower part of the north side, began to be formed in 1873, and comprise a wet dock of 12 acres, and a tidal basin of 4J acres. The cost of the harbour works, together with the deepening and embanking of the river down to the firth, till June 30, 1872, was 5,594,982 ; and the cost of the Stobcross docks alone was estimated to be upwards of 1,500,000. The vessels belonging to the port at end of 1879 were 576 sailing vessels of 379,588 tons, and 607 steam vessels of 381,325 tons. The arrivals in 1879 were 6586 British vessels of 1,956,504 tons, and 152 foreign vessels of 55,739 tons ; and the departures were 6935 British vessels of 2,104,196 tons, and 160 foreign vessels of 64,885 tons. The customs revenue in 1880 was 969,339. Glasgow Green, on right side of the Clyde, upward from vicinity of Albert Bridge, measures fully a mile in length, and about 136 acres in area ; is a public park, laid out in walks and drives, and partly shaded with trees ; and contains recreation grounds and a public gymnasium. Kelvingrove or West End Park, on the Kelvin, was formed subsequently to 1853 ; comprises 45 acres, with walks, drives, lawns, and shrubberies ; rises, with variety of slope, from low flat ground adjoining the river to a tabular summit overlooked by a grand semi-circular sweep of street-architecture ; and commands from its higher points a map-like view of great part of the lower basin of the Clyde. Alexandra Park, in north-eastern vicinity of Denniston, was formed in 1870-73 ; comprises an extensive area, with walks, drives, lawns, parterres, shrubberies, and belts of young trees ; and includes a central summit rising from a broad base, and commanding a view from the Lowther Mountains to Benlomond. The Queen's Park, adjacent to south side of Crosshill, was formed about 1860 ; comprises about 100 acres, with walks, drives, recreation ground, parterres, shrubberies, and young trees ; and has a central roundish summit, reached by easy slope, and commanding a view of the city, and of much of the basins of the Clyde and the Cart. Eight of the suburbs, Maryhill, Hillhead, Partick, Govan, Kinning-Park, Pollockshields, Govanhill, and Crosshill, are police burghs, and lie more or less detached from the city ; others, as Tollcross, Parkhead, Camlachie, Shettleston, Springburn, Oatlands, Possil-Park, Dowanhill, Whiteinch, Ibrox, Plantation, and Strathbungo, also lie more or less detached ; others, as Bridgeton, Calton, Denniston, Port-Dundas, Cowcaddens, Anderston, Finnieston, Trades ton, Laurieston, Gorbals, and Hutchesontown, may be called sections of the city as well as suburbs; and all are noticed in their respective alphabetical places. The city publishes 6 daily newspapers, 16 weekly, and 2 monthly ; and has, within itself or suburbs, 36 sub post offices with money order department, and 10 subordinate railway stations. The parliamentary burgh sends three members to Parliament ; and the University unites with that of Aberdeen in sending another. The rental in 1879-80, within the parliamentary burgh, was 3,313,940; within the royalty, beyond the parliamentary burgh, 92,068. The ordinary revenue and expenditure of the City Corporation, in the year ending May 31, 1880, were respectively 21,281 and 14,408 ; the extraordinary revenue and expenditure respectively 9673 and 3692 ; the amount of assessments under special statutes, 23,042. The value of the Corporation property, at that date, was 1,213.379 ; the amount of debt upon it, 889,671. Pop. of the parliamentary burgh, in 1871, 477,156, in 1881, 487,988; of the city and suburbs, in 1871, 547,538, in 1881, 675,299.