Contents
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 What Is Natural Language Understanding?
- 13.3 Why Do We Need Natural Language Understanding?
- 13.4 Why Is Natural Language Understanding Difficult?
- 13.5 An Early Attempt at Natural Language Understanding: SHRDLU
- 13.6 How Does Natural Language Understanding Work?
- 13.7 Syntactic Analysis
- 13.7.1 Grammars
- 13.7.2 An Example: Generating a Grammar Fragment
- 13.7.3 Transition Networks
- 13.7.4 Context-sensitive Grammars
- 13.7.5 Feature Sets
- 13.7.6 Augmented Transition Networks
- 13.7.7 Taggers
- 13.8 Semantic Analysis
- 13.8.1 Semantic Grammars
- 13.8.1.1 An Example: A Database Query Interpreter Revisited
- 13.8.2 Case Grammars
- 13.9 Pragmatic Analysis
- 13.9.1 Speech Acts
- 13.10 Grammar-free Approaches
- 13.10.1 Template Matching
- 13.10.2 Keyword Matching
- 13.10.3 Predictive Methods
- 13.10.4 Statistical Methods
- 13.11 Summary
- 13.12 Solution to SHRDLU Problem
Glossary items referenced in this chapter
ambiguity!lexical, ambiguity!pragmatic, ambiguity!referential, ambiguity!semantic, ambiguity!syntactic, augmented transition network, big data, bottom-up reasoning, case grammar, chatbot, constraints, context-free grammar, context-sensitive grammar, database, database query, deep neural network, definite clause grammar, disambiguation, document retrieval, ELIZA, feature sets, finite state machine, formal grammar, foundation models, frame, GPT-3, grammar, grammar fragment, grammar rules, grammar-free approaches, heuristic evaluation function, hidden Markov model, home automation, Human Computer Interaction, keyword matching, large language model, latent semantic analysis, latent space, lexical processing, lexicon, machine learning, n-gram, natural language database query, natural language interfaces, natural language processing, natural language processing!information management, natural language processing!intent, natural language processing!tagger, natural language processing!tagset, natural language understanding, neural network, non-terminal symbols, parse tree, parser, part-of-speech tagger, pattern matching, Pereira, Fernando, pragmatic, pragmatic ambiguity, pragmatic analysis, principal components analysis, production system, Prolog, query interpreter, recommender systems, restricted language, robotics, script, semantic analysis, semantic grammar, sentence parsing, sentence parsing!bottom up, sentence parsing!methods, sentence parsing!systems, sentence parsing!top down, sentence-level processing, SHRDLU, speech acts, statistical techniques, syntactic analysis, syntactic grammar, template matching, terminal symbols, transition network, trigger, web search, Winograd, Terry, word vector, word2vec